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Metabolism

The chemical reactions that occur when macronutrients are consumed.

Metabolic syndrome diseases

Diabetes, hypertension, coronary syndrome, obesity, sleep apnea.

Macronutrients

Fiber, carbohydrates, protein, fats, water.

Electrolytes

Sodium, potassium, calcium, iron.

Sugar

A type of carbohydrate that is the main source of energy.

Carbohydrates

A large group of chemical compounds.

Fats

Lipids that are necessary for repairing body cells and hormone production.

Protein

A macronutrient that is essential for various bodily functions, including muscle maintenance and hormone production.

Fiber

A nutrient that aids in digestion and helps remove toxins from the intestines.

Hunger hormones

Ghrelin (hunger) and leptin (fullness).

Vitamins

Essential nutrients that are necessary for various bodily functions.

Water-soluble vitamins

B vitamins and C vitamins.

Fat-soluble vitamins

A, K, E, D, and others.

Electrolytes

Sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron, which are necessary for nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction.

Glucose

A six-carbon sugar molecule that is the main source of energy.

Metabolism

The biochemical reactions that occur within cells.

Anabolism

The process of building larger molecules from simpler ones.

Catabolism

The process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of cells.

Triglyceride

A type of fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains.

Lipogenesis

The process of synthesizing triglycerides from glycerol and fatty acids.

Lipolysis

The process of breaking down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins.

Proteogenesis

The process of synthesizing proteins from amino acids.

ATP CP

The energy system that regenerates ATP using creatine phosphate.

Anaerobic glycolysis

The process of breaking down glucose without oxygen.

Subcutaneous fat

Fat found under the skin.

Visceral fat

Fat around the vital organs.

Adrenal gland

An endocrine gland that produces hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol.

Saturated fats

Fats that do not have double bonds between hydrocarbons and are solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated fats

Fats that have double bonds between hydrocarbons and are liquid at room temperature.

Proteins

Macromolecules composed of amino acids that are essential for various bodily functions.

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down molecules by adding water.

Carbs

Short for carbohydrates, a group of macronutrients that provide energy.

Fructose

A type of sugar that is metabolized similarly to ethanol (alcohol). it combines with glucose to make sucrose

Mitochondria

Double membrane-bound organelle with highly folded inner membrane, outer membrane, matrix, and cristae. The Krebs cycle takes place here.

Cristae

Folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Matrix

Material inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Membrane coated with ribosomes. Protein synthesis takes place here.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Not coated with ribosomes.

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes that kill infections.

Adenosine

A molecule composed of ribose and adenine.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate, composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups.

ATP synthase

Enzyme that allows the remaking of ATP.

Myosin

Protein involved in muscle movement.

Tropomyosin

Protein involved in muscle contraction.

Creatine Phosphate

Energy system that takes place in the cytoplasm and produces ATPs.

Glycolysis

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

Anaerobic glycolysis system/Lactate acid system

Glucose breakdown without sufficient oxygen, resulting in the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid.

Aerobic respiration

Breakdown of glucose to CO2 and water in the presence of oxygen, taking place in the matrix of the mitochondria.

Small intestine

Where carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down.

Glycogen

Stored sugar composed of glucose molecules linked together.

Creatine phosphate system

Energy system that takes place in the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell.

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

Fats

Composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

Lipogenesis

Making lipids through dehydration synthesis.

Proteolysis

Breakdown of proteins to amino acids through hydrolysis.

Sucrose

Disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.

Glycogenosis

Process of condensing glucose into glycogen through dehydration synthesis.

Lipolysis

Breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol through hydrolysis.

Proteolysis

Breakdown of proteins to amino acids through hydrolysis.

Acetylcholine

An intermediate molecule of glycolysis, formed from two carbons during the breakdown of an amino acid.

Glycogen

Stored sugar found in muscle and liver cells.

Glycogenolysis

The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose.

Pyruvate

The end product of glucose breakdown through glycolysis.

Creatine phosphate system

A system that provides ATP for muscle contraction during intense exercise.

Lactic acid

A byproduct of anaerobic metabolism that is converted from pyruvate when oxygen is limited.

Oxygen deficit

The amount of oxygen needed to convert lactate back to pyruvate after exercise.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that facilitates the movement of glucose into muscle, liver, and fat cells.

Glucagon

A hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels when there is insufficient sugar in the blood.

Hypothalamus

The central region of the brain that is active during periods of high nervousness or stress.

CRH (adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone)

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of cortisol from the pituitary gland.

Cortisol

A hormone that initiates the "fight or flight" response and inhibits protein synthesis.

Protein synthesis

The process of creating proteins in the body.

Proteogenesis

Another term for protein synthesis.

Gluconeogenesis

The conversion of amino acids into glucose.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of cells.

Tunica media

The middle layer of blood vessels that contracts in response to glucose, increasing blood pressure.

Immune system

The body's defense system against infections and diseases.

Digestive system

The system responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

Blood pressure

The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels.

dehydration synthesis

Dehydration synthesis, also known as condensation reaction, is a chemical process that combines two molecules by removing a water molecule. It is commonly involved in the formation of larger molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. The process involves the removal of a hydroxyl group (-OH) from one molecule and a hydrogen atom (-H) from another molecule, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between the two molecules. This reaction requires energy input and occurs in the presence of specific enzymes. Dehydration synthesis plays a crucial role in the synthesis of complex biomolecules in living organisms.

lactic acid energy system

The lactic acid energy system, also known as the anaerobic glycolysis system, is a metabolic pathway that provides energy for high-intensity, short-duration activities. It involves the breakdown of glucose or glycogen in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the production of lactic acid. This system is used during activities such as sprinting or weightlifting. The lactic acid produced can cause muscle fatigue and a burning sensation.

micronutrients

Micronutrients are essential nutrients required by organisms in small quantities,

They include vitamins, minerals, ions, and water

polysachride

A polysaccharide is a type of carbohydrate that consists of multiple sugar molecules bonded together. It is a complex macromolecule that serves as a storage form of energy in plants and animals. Examples of polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

oligosachride

chains of sugar molecules, typically composed of 3 to 10 units. They are formed through the process of condensation, where monosaccharides join together by the removal of a water molecule.

Examples of oligosaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose.

monosachride

sugar that cannot be broken down into smaller sugar molecules. It is the basic unit of carbohydrates. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

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