Metabolism- all the chemical reactions that happen when macronutrients are eaten

Metabolic syndrome diseases- diabetes, hypertension, coronary symobis, obesity, sleep apnea

Macronutrients- fiber, carb, protein, fats, water

Electrolytes- Sodium potassium calcium iron

Functions of macro/micro nutrients

Solvent - dissolve stuff in it such as water

ALL chemical reaction we talk about will involve water

SUGAR

• Anything that ends in “ose” is a sugar (lactose, fructose, maltose)

• Main energy source is sugar

• Sugar can also be stored in the form of glycogen

• Used to make DNA and RNA 

• Eat Too much sugar is stored as glycogen

CARBS

Large group of chemical compounds

FATS

Lipids

• If not eating enough fat you cannot repair body cells

• Fats are necessary in your diet for most hormones you produce  

• When on low fat diet: 

  • Bile, which generally goes to the small intestine when fat is consumed, is not being used so it goes to the gallbladder where it is stored until fat is eaten. If fat is not eaten the bile dehydrates and only bile salts remain 

• Fat is important for: making hormones, making sure cells can be repaired, and making sure bile doesnt become a problem

PROTEIN

• Hemoglobin- protein of red blood cells

• If not enough protein is consumed, you can't produce enough erythropoietin (a hormone)

• You may develop anemia

• What are enzymes?- proteins

• Proteins always end in “ase” (lactase, protease, ect)

• Proteins in muscle - tropomyosin, troponin and myosin

  • If not eating enough protein your muscle will start to disappear 

• The body does not want to use protein as a source of energy because it comprises a lot of body functions 

FIBER

Fluctuates-fart

Bulks up

 poop

The more fiber you eat the more toxins you are able to remove from intestines

If you don't consume enough water and eat too much fiber you become constipated

Hormones:

Hunger hormones: ghrelin(hungry), leptin(full) 

All digestion takes place in the small intestine

Vitamins

• Water soluble vitamins - B vitamins and C vitamins are both water soluble

• A, K, E, D, and all the others, are fat soluble 

• ?Triptofan is made from eating protein it makes - vfol (myosin)

• A- vision/immunity

• D- (produced by sunlight) Calcium and phosphorus cannot be absorbed by bone without it

• C- boosts immune system

• K- blood clotting (bruise easily and wounds don't heal if not enough K)

• B- Increases metabolism Iron absorption

• E- collagen (Wrinkles, valve of heart problems, joints problems, tendonitis if not enough)

Electrolytes needed in body:

• Neurilemma, sarcolemma, myeloma

• Sodium 

• Nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, repolarizes the Neurilemma, sarcolemma, myeloma

• Potassium

  • Nerve impulse conduction targets the synaptic vesicle to release a neurotransmitter such as a citicoline (hard time concentrating, muscles cannot contract, 

• Calcium

  • Deposited in bones, for that you need calcitonine 

  • To make calcitonine you need to eat protein

  • Nerve impulse conduction is compromised if you dont eat enough protein and calcium (tired, can't concentrate, muscles will contract and cramp up, cavities)

• Iron 

  • Part of hemoglobin

  • Low iron symptoms: dizzy, low energy

• ATP and bone formation- need phosphorus and zinc

Draw glucose:

• Start with 6 ring molecule

• Oxygen at one corner

• All other bonds will be carbon - need to end up with 6 carbons

• Carbon 1-4 have a H(hydrogen) and a HO (hydroxide)- hydrogen down hydroxide dow, next one switch (hydrogen up hydroxide down) continue

• Need 6 oxygens

• Go off of carbon give it an oxygen

• A carbon always have 4 bonds

Metabolism - the biochematical reactions that take place within the cytoplasm opf cells

• Anabolism- requires energy, takes a simple molecule (such as glucose) making it into larger molecule (such as glycogen)

• catabolism- taking a larger molecule and breaking it down into a smaller one cutting something up

• Carbs are catabolized to glucose

• Proteins are catabolized to amino acids

• Fats are catabolized to glycerol and 3 fatty acids

• After Glucose, amino acids and fatty acids are absorbed into the bloodstream at the small intestine and transported to various organs…

  • Monosaccharides are assembled into glycogen

  • Fatty acids and glycerol are assembled into triglyceride

  • Amino acids into proteins

• Hydrolysis - breaks the bonds (by adding water)

• Dehydration synthesis - allows you to make the bonds

• Most of our stored energy resources are in the form of lipids

• Triglycerides are stored in adipocytes (fat cells)

• Adipocytes with 1 fat droplet - white adipocyte

• Adipocyte with many fat droplets - brown adipocyte

• Fat droplets (made of triglyceride)

PANCREAS

• Exocrine cells produce digestive enzymes - 90% of pancreas

• Endocrine cells produce hormones

• Alpha cells produce glucagon

• Beta cells produce insulin

• Sucrose, maltose, lactose (sugars) for you to break them down your exocrine cells must produce enzymes

  • Sucrase (enzyme because of “ase’) breaks down sucrose

  • Maltase breaks down maltose

  • Lactase breaks down lactose

  • Lipase breaks down lipids

  • Portase is the group of enzymes that break down proteins 

• Endocrine cells produce two hormones - insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)

• Glycogen - stored sugar

• Glucagon - increases the amount of sugar (glucose) in blood 

  • Breaks down stored sugar (glycogen) inside of muscle cell

  • Produced when fasting

  • If you have no glycogen in muscle cells, targets the fat cells, takes the triglyceride, makes the glucose and releases into blood

  • Causes weight loss

• Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in blood

  • Produced when eating a lot of sugar

  • Takes glucose out of blood and puts it in fat cells

  • Insulin causes weight gain

• glucogenogenesis- glucose production from other sources

• 70-100 - normal blood glucose lever

• 101-119 - insulin resistance

• 120 and above - diabetes

• Hepatocytes AND myocytes???

• Glucose formula- C6H12O6

• Pyruvate formula (half of glucose)- C3H6O3

• Pyruvate formation???

• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of all cells

• Under anaerobic conditions (high intensity exercise) pyruvate is converted to lactate which is what make you sore

• Glycerol can be converted to pyruvate (ann intermediate step of glycolysis)

Fat- otherwise known as triglyceride or lipid

• Fats can only be used in the aerobic (oxygen needed) system as they require large amount of oxygen to be broken down and used

• Lipids are stored in fat cells

• Lipogenesis

  • Lypo - lipid (fat)

  • Genesis ((always mean “to Make)

  • EX: Combining glycerol and three fatty acids - lipogenesis

• Lipolysis

  • Lypo - lipid (fat)

  • Lysis (always means to break down/cut up)

• Add water to break ester bonds - hydrolysis

• Glycogen - Stored sugar

  • Stored in liver and muscle cells

• Glycogenolysis - If you add water to break the glycosidic bonds 

• Glycogenosis - rocess of taking all glucose molecules make glycosidic bonds and store it in muscle cells

Amino acids

• A Lot of amino acids bonded together makes a protein 

• This process is called proteogenesis

• When doing physical activity the existing ATP in muscles is able to supply energy needs for 4 seconds before the ATP must be regenerated by the 3 energy systems:

  • ATP CP (ATP Creatine Phosphate) 

    • Two CP molecules in every cell

    • You can make 2 ATP’s

    • You need 2 ATP’s to start anaerobic glycolysis to pyruvate 

    • In the process you make 4 ATP’s

    • So the net gain is 2 ATPs (made 4 used up 2 - so net gain is 2)

  • Anaerobic glycolysis

  • Anaerobic respiration

• The aerobic pathway produces 38 ATP’s

• Subcutaneous fat (found under skin)

• Visceral fat (fat around the vital organs)

• Lipid droplets are also stored within skeletal muscle cells

• Fat has 4000 calories per 100 gram

• Carbs have 1760 calories per 100 grams

• Sugars have 1720 calories per 100 grams

• Adrenal gland has two major subunits 

  • Cortex

  • Mudula

• Aldosterone targets your kidneys and promotes retention of sodium and loss of potassium

• Cortisol (stress hormone) converts fat and protein to glucose (why you crave sugar when stressed)

• Adrenal medulla is made of cells called chromaffin cells and they secrete adrenaline

• When you are under alot of stress your body reacts:

  • Hypertalomis is engaged (one of the most protected sites of the human body (controls pituitary gland which is the master gland of the body)

  • Adrenaline and cortisol - stimulates “flight or flight response”

Fats- scientific name triglyceride

Fats are composed of - 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

Glycerol is a 3 carbon compound - also has a hydrogen and 3 hydroxides attached to it

COOH- carboxyl bond be able to recognize

Dehydration synthesis - occurs between OH of glycerol and the carboxyl group

• To make water (H2O) you can either take the hydrogen away from the glycerol and the hydroxide away from the carboxylic group OR you can take the hydrogen and OH from the carboxylic group 

  • You are making 3 water molecules

• Bond between oxygen and carbon IN SUGAR - glycosidic bond

• Bond between oxygen and carbon IN FAT = ester bond 

• Condensation - dehydration synthesis

• Anabolic - making something bigger - dehydration synthesis is an anabolic reaction

• Catabolic - breaking something down - 

• Hydrolysis (going backward) catabolic reaction - You eat fat (triglyceride), you break the fat down in small intestine, by adding 3 water molecules, the water breaks ester bonds and in the process you will break that fat to glycerol and 3 fatty acids

• Glycogen formation (adding up 100 molecules of sugar together) - anabolic 

• Breaking down the glycogen to release all glucose molecules - catabolic

• Glycolysis - glucose break it down to CO2 and water- catabolic

• CUT (break down) - catabolic

• FORMATION - anabolic

• 3 water molecules are produced

• Glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains are the reactants

• Triglyceride and water are the products

• Taking in more oxygen makes more glucose

• Hydrocarbons - carbons attached to hydrogens

• When deciding whether a fat is saturated or unsaturated

  • Your looking weather or not it has double bonds between hydrocarbons

  • No double bonds between hydrocarbons = saturated fat

  • Double bonds present between hydrocarbons- unsaturated fat 

• Saturated fatty acids:

  •  have a higher melting point

  • Solid at room temp.

    • EX:  Avocado, coconut

• Unsaturated fats

  • Liquid at room temp.

  • Oils; vegetable oil, peanut oil, ect.

PROTEINS

• Building blocks of protein - amino acids

• Hydrolysis (addition of water) breaks it down

• Be able to 

  • draw a diagram representing the basic structure of an amino acid

  • Draw second amino acid and show formation of peptide bond

• When you eat, you are eating protein NOT amino acid

  • Protein has 100 amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

  • To release amino acids, you add water to peptide bonds

  • Reaction that adds water back up to break peptide bonds- hydrolysis

  • Without enough water you are not able to break down, carbs, fats or proteins

  • Amino acids are released from small intestine (where digestion occurs) to 

    • if working out they will go to your muscles so you can make myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin - dehydration synthesis (anabolic reaction)

• 10 out of 20 amino acids you cannot synthesize in your body, which means you must eat the protein that has the essential amino acids

• Lactic acid?

CARBS

• Fructose is metabolized the exact same as ethanol (alcohol)

Metabolism - start with a simple columnar cell (found in intestine) 

Anything you eat will be delivered to the small intestine

Any sugars will be broken down in small intestine

Breaking down sucrose to fructose and glucose - hydrolosis

• Fluid in which organelles are suspended always - cytosol (inside cytoplasm)

  • Say you eat fat, its sent to the small intestine and is broken down to glycerol and 3 fatty acids by adding water - this water is stored in the cytosol

  • If you ate protein its sent to small intestine, broken down to amino acids by adding water (from the cytosol)

• Nucleus - brain of the cell, allows DNA to be transcribed to RNA

• Nuclear membrane - allows molecules to pass in and out

• Mitochondria - double membrane bound organelle with highly folded inner membrane, outer membrane, matrix and cristae. the krebs cycle takes place in here

  • Cristae- folds of inner membrane

  • Matrix- material inside the inner membrane

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum - membrane coated with ribosomes 

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Not coated with ribosomes

• Protein synthesis takes place in the ribosomes

• Lysosome - contains digestive enzymes that kills infections

Explain how adenosine can gain and lose a phosphate group:

• ATP stand for- adenosine triphosphate

• ADP - Adenosine diphosphate

  • Composed of 3 phosphate groups that are attached to ribose (the sugar) the ribose is attached to adenine

  • The ribose and adenine together make adenosine

  • 3 phosphate groups + ribose + 1 adenine = adenosine triphosphate

• ATP in the presence of ATP ACE is broken down to adenosine diphosphate and a phosphate group is released (which is the energy you need)

  • To do that the bond is broken and a phosphate group is released

  • ATP synthase allows you to remake ATP

• ATP is necessary for the movement of myosin and tropomyosin

Creatine Phosphate energy system - its anaerobic, takes place in the cytoplasm and you end up with ATPs

• You use the ATP-CP explosive exercise less than 4 seconds

  • High jump

  • Powerlifting

  • backflip

• Muscle cells store creatine phosphate

• Creatine Phosphate in the presence of creatine phosphatase is broken down to creatine and the phosphate groups. Then you take the phosphate groups, add the ATP to make 2 ATPs

• In the cytoplasm….

• If you ate sugar the glycogen (STORED SUGAR) is broken down by adding water, then releases the glucose molecules

• Then you add those two ATPs that came from creatine phosphate. In the process you make 2 pyruvates. In that process you make 4 ATPs. 

• Your net gain from glycolysis is 2

• You have not added oxygen so its anaerobic

• Through this you have 3 seconds of energy 

Anaerobic glycolosis system/Lactate acid system:

Or

Glucose breakdown

• By this times CP is depleated and there has been insufficient time for recovery

Option #1

•  If sufficient quantities of oxygen is inhaled (aerobic) the pyruvate is broken down to 

6 CO2 and 6 water. 

• Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

Option #2

• No oxygen (your not breathing fast enough)

• You convert the pyruvate acid to lactic acid in the cytoplasm

• The lactic acid breaks down to hydrogen ion and lactate (lactate is a 3 carbon molecule

•  This will start accumulating in your muscles and the PH increases (you get sore)

• When done exercising the lactate is sent to the liver cells through blood

• The lactate can be converted back to pyruvate then glucose then to glycogen

• You need oxygen and ATP to convert lactate back to glycogen

  • Oxygen deficit is when you dont have enough ATP and oxygen for the conversion

• In presence of oxygen - pyruvate then glucose and glycogen

Summarize the entire aerobic respiration:

• Start out with 2 ATPs

• Add glucose and 6 oxygens

• In the process you end up with 6 CO2 and 6 waters

• You end up with 38 ATP’s

• You used up 2 so your net gain is 36 ATPs

Inside the small intestine - Where you break down the carbs, protein and fat

Glycolysis - Breakdown Glucose to pyruvate

When you eat carbs- most are broken down to glucose 

Glycogen - stored sugar

100 molecules of glucose link together to make glycogen

Creatine phosphate system - takes place in the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell

Glycogenolysis - break the glycosidic bond by adding water (takes place in the hepatocytes, myositis and liver cells)

Break glycogen down to glucose

To break down glucose - 2 ATPs are needed

The two ATPs are made by combining 2 ADP with 2 phosphate groups

You end up with two ATPs which is exactly how many you need to breakdown glucose in the glycolysis process to two pyruvate 

Pyruvate formula - C3H6O3

Then the pyruvate has to enter the mitochondria

Pyruvate is converted to a acetocea (2 carbon molecule)

To get to 3 carbons we must add carbon dioxide

You made 2 acetocoeas so you add 2 CO2

• Then the acetocoea enters the citric acid cycle

  • You need to make 6 CO2, you only made two

  • This means that during the citric acid cycle you make 4 CO2

• When you broke down the glucose to pyruvate you made 4 ATPs

  • During the citric acid cycle you are going to make 34 ATPs

  • The total amount is 38, so the net gain is 4

• For the citric acid cycle to work oxygen must come in

  • YOU ARE GOING TO MAKE 6 WATER MOLECULES

What we are adding - what the body does if you do not eat carbs (keto diet) or a high protein diet

• The body does not want to use proteins for energy because you use it to make ALL the enzymes

  • Example of enzymes: creatine phosphatase(enzyme needed to break down creatine)

  • Lytase (enzyme needed to make fats)

  • Protease (enzyme needed to make proteins)

  • Sucrase (enzyme needed to break down sucrose to fructose and glucose)

• In extreme situation, you will use protein as a source of energy

  • You will break it down to an amino acid

  • Carboxylic group - 

  • Amino group -allows you to make ammonia(the more protein you eat the more ammonia you have to get rid of via urine)

• 2 carbon and lots of oxygen

• The rest of the amino acid gets converted to 

• You end up with

Fats 

• Composed of 

  • Glycerol (3 carbon molecule that can be converted to pyruvate)

  • 3 fatty acids(alot of hydrocarbons-carbon and hydrogen)

  •  to make pyruvate you need oxygen

  • Oxygen needs to be available for you to break down the fatty acid and convert it to cytocolim - called beta oxidation

  • For you ti break down fat, your oxygen intake has to be equal oxygen used

    • You can only do that at submaximal levels

    • If you are out of breath, you are taking the pyruvate and converting it to lactic acid

    • You will not use the oxygen to break down the fat

• The body will find a way to break down the fat to three fatty acids and glycerol, the glycerol becomes pyruvate and the three fatty acids become citocolea - only at submaximal level of exercise 

• Parts of an animal cell

  • Liver  

  • Pancreas

  • Small intestibne- raped around pancreas

  • Mussels

  • Brain

  • Adrenal gland

  • Kidney - eliminates all ammonia produced when you break down protein

  • Adepocytes

• Laysis- catabolism

  • Glycogenolysis breaking down glucose

• Geonosis-anabolism

  • lipogenesis- making lipids

• Ate carbs you deliver them via blood to the small intestine

• Inside the small intestine there are columnar cells that need two things(water and exocrine cells of the pancreas) to digest sugars

  • If breaking down sucrose you need sucrase (produced by the exocrine cells)

• The exocrine cells need protein to make digestive enzymes (proteogenesis)

  • That's why it doesn't want to use protein as a source of energy

• Now, there is glucose in the small intestine and it has to be dilivered via blood to muscle cells

• To get it into the muscle cells, insulin (produced by the beta cells of the pancreas) is needed

• The insulin attaches a transport protein on the cell membrane

• So if u have a blood sugar level of 115 the insulin is not putting sufficient chanel proteins on the cell membrane

  •   70-110 - good blood sugar levels

  • 101-119 - pre diabolical 

  • Above 120- diabetic 

  • Now sugar goes in blood cells

• If you add 100 sugars together you make? (Bond is glycositic bond

  • Glycogen and water are produced in the process

• Now that muscle cells are saturated with glycogen, there is no more room for glycogen 

  • This means if your not working out, your going to bed or being lazy, the glycogen is converted to fat

  • Some of the glycogen is converted to fat and is deposeted in your muscles

• Every muscle cell can store one fat droplet

• You have 3 doughnuts before bed

  • You have already saturated your muscle and liver cells with glycogen and you have made the fat droplet, but you still have alot of glucose

  • Glucose will be bia blood to your adepocytes

  • In adepocytes its converted to tryglicerides

  • Insulin makes you gain weight bc when it doesnt have anymore room for the glucose, it makes it into fat

  • We are born with a set # of adipocytes. If u gain weight in ur hips, you hain weight in the hips. If you gain weight in the stomach you have more adipocytes in the stomach

  • The more sugar you eat the more weight you gain

• If you don't have enough calories…

  • The hormone glucagon (produced by the pancreas) travels to the muscle cells via blood

  • Glucagon wants every cell of the body to have sufficient energy (it increases the amount of sugar in blood)

  • If you have no carbs for dinner, just salmon and broccoli, you have no glycogen in the muscle or liver cells, so the body must have glucagon target fat cells 

  • and release it into blood

• You use the hypothalamus of the brain which targets the pituitary gland when your learning

• When your nervous

  • The hypothalamus is active

  • The hypothalamus takes over everytime the body feels you are about to fight or flight (muscles are contracting)

  • Adrenaline is produced from the adrenal gland, the inside of it the adrenal medulla

• All muscles need glucose

• If protein synthesis is shut down, your digestive system shuts down (because your pancreas isn’t producing digestive enzymes)

• When you workout you want to eat carbs 

  • You are going to break them down and use that as a source of energy 

  • After done working out eat protein to repair muscle

• 3 energy systems

  • Creatine phosphate

  • Lactic acid system- anaerobic

  • Aerobic cellular respiration

  • Anaerobic cellular respiration

Look at powerpoint that gives a summary of 3 systems

Look at carb loading powerpoint - but know why glycogen is so important and all about glucose

Do the two kahoots

• Countries cannot make up their mind about the dietary requirements

• Which cells need glucose so that they can break down so you can end up with ATP

  • EVERY CELL OF THE BODY NEEDS GLUCOSE

  • Its stored in muscle and liver cells

• “Ose” means sugar

  • Sucrose is a disaccharide

  • Glucose and fructose are bonded by a glycosidic bond

  • Sucrose is broke down to glucose and fructose in the columnar cell (small intestine)

  • To break the glycosidic bond you must add 

  • water 

    • You cannot digest any of the food you eat if there is not water in the small intestine

  • And sucrase

    • Sucrace is coming from the exocrine cells of the pancreas

    • Travels to small intestine via blood - anytime you hear “travel” answer is blood

• You are dehydrated and you have a lot of doughnuts:

  • The kidneys retain water

  • They put the water back into blood

  • The water goes to the small intestine so that you can digest the sucrose(table sugar)

  • The sucrose is broken down to fructose and glucose in the columnar cell of the small intestine

  • The muscles don't know how to use fructose as a source of energy 

  • So the fructose goes to the liver

Glycogen - about 100 glucose units connected by glycosidic bonds

• If alot of sugar is eated at night, it will be stored in the muscle and liver cells in the form of glycogen

• Glycogenosis is what needs to happen, in the process glycogen and water are made

• Dehydration synthesis (glycogenosis) (an anabolic reaction) (condensation) all the same thing

  • Your condensing glucose into glycogen

FAT

• Triglyceride and lipid

• 3 fatty acid and glycerol = fat

• Backwards would be - hydrolysis (you are adding water and breaking ester bonds)

  • Reaction going backwards takes place in the small intestine (or adepocytes when your starving)

  • Dehydration synthesis is the opposite

• Also called lipogenesis - you are making something (triglyceride and water) really big 

• Dehydration synthesis/lipogenesis/anabolism synthesis -------> making something bigger

• Hydrolysis/lipolysis/metabolism ←------- making something smaller

PROTEIN

• Combining alot of amino acids together makes a protein

  • Two components of amino acid- amino group and carboxyl group

  • To break protein down to amino acids you must add water the peptide bonds (Hydrolysis/catabolism/proteolysis)

• Break down amino acids to amino group - add a hydrogen to make amonia

  • Get rid of ammonia via urine (kidneys)

• From two carbons you make an intermediate molecule called an acetylcholine of glycolysis (2 carbon molecule) and that is what you make when you break down the amino acid

Stored sugar is called glycogen - its stored in muscle and liver cells

When you break it down through glycogenolysis you break it down to glucose and take the glucose and using the 2 ATPs that came from creatine phosphate, beak down the glucose to pyruvate

• The creatine phosphate system

  • Takes place in the sacrcoplasm of the cell

  • If working out at maximal level (not inhaling enough oxygen) so pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which gets broken down to hydrogen (lowers PH in muscles) and lactate

  • When done exercising, the lactate goes to your liver where the lactate first becomes pyruvate, then pyruvate is converted to glucose, then the glucose is converted to glycogen 

  • This is an anabolic reaction - requires oxygen. The conversion of lactate to pyruvate and pyruvate to glucose REQUIRES OXYGEN AND ATP

  • When working out you cannot afford to waste this oxygen and ATP so the lactate stays in your muscles until you are done exercising 

  • This develops a oxygen deficit (the amount of oxygen needed to convert lactate back to pyruvate when you're done exercising)

• Insulin - hormone that is produced by the pancreas and moves the glucose into a muscle cell, and liver cell and a fat cell when you have hyperglycemia (too much sugar in blood)

• Glucogon - hormone that is produced by the pancreas and moves glucose into blood when you have hypoglycemia(not enough sugar in blood)

STRESS

• Hypothalamus (in brain)  - heart of the brain that is active when your very nervous

• CRH (adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone) - chemical produced by the hypothalamus that's being released into the blood

  • C-adrenocorticotropic 

  • R- releasing

  • H- hormone

• Anytime you see a releasing hormone in the name of a hormone - the hypothalamus produces it and it targets the pituitary gland

• Cortisol initiates the “fight or flight response”

  • Bad news abt cortisol: it's going to prevent protein synthesis (making protein) 

  • Protein synthesis - renamed proteogenesis

    • EX: you have tendonitis (inflammation in tendon). To repair the tendon you need the protein collagen, but proteogenesis isn't taking place bc cortisol is preventing the production of colegen

    • EX: Your immune system is compromised

• All the amino acids are being made to glucose (from a protein and fat source) - gluconeogenesis

• All that glucose you made by breaking down protein and fat is why you are able to “fight, it contracts muscles

• Every muscle in the body needs glucose

• glucose is broken down to end up with the ATP you need for muscle contraction

• The glucose is also used in the tunica media of blood vessels, causing them to contract more times per minute which increases blood pressure 

• This is all wasted glucose - because when you are taking a match, or playing in a tennis match- you dont want the blood pressure and breathing rate to increase for long periods of time at the expense of you immune and digestive system (they will shut down)