Biotechnology

Genetic Engineering

production of new genes/alteration of genones by substitution/introduction of new genetic material

Remcobinant DNA

DNA strand created from two or more sources

Restriction Enzymes

Proteins isolated from bacteria that cut DNA at specefic sequence sites, the cur pieces are caled restriction fragments

Sticky ends

single-stranded overhangs

Blunt ends

no overhang

DNA ligase

joins DNA strandes together, used to joinf 2 differnt pieces of DNA with matching ends

EcoRI

restriction enzyme isolated from e coli that cuts DNA at a very specifc sequence

After EcoRI cuts DNA…

the gene fragment and the opened up plasmid combine with DNA ligase, now making a new single piece of DNA called recombinant plasmid

Restriction Maps

diagram that shows

restriction enzyme

recognition sites and the

distance between the

sites (measured in base pairs

Polymerae Chain Reaction

process used

to make a huge number

of copies of a DNA

sequence in a laboratory

quickly and without the

need for a host organism, its only meant to be used for a small portion of DNA

Three setps of PCR

Denaturation, Annealing and Elongation

Denaturation

The specfic DNA strands are heated up to 95 degrees and are seperated into single strands

Annealing

Temperature is lowered, short pieces of DNA called primers bind to specefic target sequwnces, primers tell DNA polymerase where to start copying

Elongation

An enzyme called Taq polymerase syntheizes two new DNA strands

Does taq polymerase denature, and where does it come from

No, derived from bcateria in hot springs

Gel ELECTROPHORESIS

lab technique used to seperate and analyze macromolecules like DNA, RNA and proteins

Step 1 of gel ELECTROPHORESIS

place gel between 2 electrodes and add a buffer to cover the gel

Step 2 of gel ELECTROPHORESIS

Load DNA samples with dye beside a molecular marker, makes the sample seeable

Step 3 of gel ELECTROPHORESIS

Apply electric current to gel. DNA is negative so the migrate to the positive electrode

Step 4 of gel ELECTROPHORESIS

The gel is stainde with ethidium bromide so its visble under UV

PCR Paternity test

Baby has half its genes from its mother and other from his fathers