GEOGRAPHY AS HUMAN BIG STACK

HAHAHH no.

what are the Types of land uses

• Commercial

• resedential

• entertainment

• openspace

• industrial

• services

what is functanol zonation

Where some functions cluster in certan parts of a town or city

what is land use

the way in which land is used

what is urban land use

the way in which land is used in a town or city

give an example of verticle zonation

Beethanm tower

• Manchester

• 2006 = 47 story mixed skyscraper

• luxary appartments, public services, a bar.

what is resedential segrigation

• The spatial seperation of two or more social groups within a specific geographical area

How can segrigation occour

• Socio-economimic

• ethnicity

• age

• religiion

• sextual orientation

what is affluence

• An area of wealth and abundence of oppertunitys sociollhy and economically

what is deprivision

• Lack of social and economic oppertunity

How does Income segregation occur

• Different house prices in different areas exclude certain people from living their due to how much they earn on their salary

• Social housing exasberates this trend

How does age segrigation take place

• People move homes within diffrent key stages of life

• sized propertys cluster and so those who need that size will cluster

• due to certain types of services in areas eg. Healthcare or primary schools

Racial segrigation

• Immigrants liev near those with similar culture and launguage

• conflict can seperate nationals and imigrants

what does dispora reffer to

How diffrent groups from one country are saturated across the world

religious segrigation examples

belfast and jeruselum

what is spatial compotion

where diffrent land use functions require and bid for desirable locations within a city most commonly near the CBD.

What is Bid rent thoery

• Price and demand for real estate change as the distance form the CBD increaces

what are the assumptions of the Bid rent theory

• Land will end up bieng used by the land use that can afford it

• land value decreaces as you leave the city center

• The order above is what people can afford

what is a megalopolis

Multipul cities

what is a conobration

more than 1 city

What is the stengths of the burges moderl

• Clear, simple and easy to understand

• gennerally accurate for some cities

Ie. Chicargo

what are the limitations of the Burges model

• Most Cities are not cirular

• Eucrocentric

• Assumes ciitys grow organically

• ingnores the impact of transport infrastructure

What are the assumptions of the Hoyte and sector model

• Older high class resedential propertys are in the center are left

• Higher class housing develops in more affordable locations

• industry is developed along roads and rivers

what are the stengths of the Hoyte and sector model

• Transport links taken into account

• Social segrigation

• more realistic than brugess

what are the weaknesses of the Hoyte and sector model

• Too simple

• assumes there is only 1 CBD

• Developed in the US

• Ignores planninga and goverment policy

E.g Calgary, Canada

what did the haris and ullman multiplue nucli model sujjest

• cities have multipul growth points at the same time

• certain activitys will group together and Agromogate whilst others repel

• takes intoi account the urban fringe

what are the strengths of the haris and ullman multiplue nucli model

• More realistic

• Explaines specilised districts

• Works well for large developed cities

what are the weaknesses of the haris and ullman multiplue nucli model

• not always aplicable for smaller cities

• policys and planning not considerd

E.g LA or London

What is the Latin America Model

• Higher class is on the indside of the city

• CBD on center due to its colonial center

• inner zone = Zone of maturity

what are the strengths of the Latin America Model

• shows social inequality and squatter settlements

• closer to LIC’s and developing Cities not just HICS

what are the weknessed of the Latin America Model

• simple

• specific to rapidly changing urban cities

E.g Rio de Janiro

what are the difficultys facing shany towns in LICs and MICs

• no legal rights to the land

• Houses are not weather proof

• no proper sannitation

• no sewage collection

• no electricity

• no local employment

• extreem poverty and unemployment

• overcrowding

• crime and drugs

• unstable housing

Souloutions to issues in squatter settlements

• low cost housing schemes

• self-help schemes

• provision of basic services

How and why is the CBD changing? Retail decline

• Growth of out-of-town retail parks and shopping centres draws customers away e.g. Trafford Centre, Manchester

• Rise of online shopping — ~27% of all UK retail sales online (2023) — reduces need for physical high street stores

• Vacant units, charity shops and discount stores replace anchor retailers — "clone town" problem

• High business rates and rents make CBD retail unviable for many businesses

How and why is the CBD changing? Residential

• Vacant office and retail buildings converted to apartments — urban renewal

• Attracts young professionals — re-urbanisation

• Raises property values — gentrification displaces lower-income residents

How and why is the CBD changing? edestrianisation and public realm improvements

• Car-free zones improve retail environment and safety e.g. Oxford Street proposals

• Investment in public spaces, street furniture and cultural venues to attract footfall

What percentage of the aging population is over 65 years old in Japan?

1/3 of the population is over 65 years old.

What is the fertility rate that fell after the 1980s in Japan?

The fertility rate fell to 1.2.

What major demographic event contributed to the current aging population crisis in Japan?

The majority of the current aging population are from the 8 million babies born between 1945 and 1947.

What was the birth rate and death rate in Japan in 2017?

In 2017, 90,000 were born and 1.3 million died.

What is the dependency ratio in Japan?

Japan has a dependency ratio of 71.1%.

What evidence shows underemployment in Japan?

There are 1.6 jobs for every unemployed person.

What is an example of a village in Japan with an aging population?

Nagoro, where the youngest person is 55 years old.

What policies has Japan introduced to address the aging population issue?

Japan has introduced pronatalist policies.

How many workers did Japan immigrate in 2019 to help with labor shortages?

Japan immigrated 40,000 workers in 2019.

What technological investment has Japan made to address their labor issues?

Japan has invested in robotics.

What is the governments duty

to manage the economy for long term stability

What can a government do to create population growth

• Pronatalist policies

• Pro immigration

What can a government do to stop population growth

• antinatilist policys 

• emigration and internal migration

what do antinatilist policys involve

• High childcare costs

• legal abortions

• free contraception 

• marketing campains

what did the anti natilist campain in Singapore involve and when

1972-1987 ‘Stop at two’

• sterilization programs introduced 

• family planning and population board created 

• access to low cost healthcare for small families 

• free education for small families 

• use of easy access to family planning clinics

• access to low cost contraception

what were the pro natilist policys in Denmark

“Do it for denmark” 2014

• fertility rate dropped to 1.9 in 2008 

To resolve this…

• 52 weeks of paid paternal leave 

• low cost and high quality childcare, parents pay 25% cost

• child benifits until they are 18 

• ‘Do it for mum’ campain

what and when were the pronatilist policys in singapore 

1987 > onwards 

• government sponserd dating agencys 

• govermnet subsidiesd child care

• sterilisation and abortion is discouraged

• FPPB abolished 

• parents with good academic qualifications get enhanced child benifit 

• increaced maternity leave

• materniny leave coverd first 4 children

• child benifit reduces cost

what are invoved in pronatilist policys

• parental leave longer

• child benifits

• changing tax structure

what is the consumtion triangle

• Population

• reascources

• economic development

what is food security

a population has acsess to a safe reliable and stustainable scource of food

what are the 3 main factors of food security

• Food availibility 

• Food access 

• Food use

what is over population

where there are too few reacources to stutain the polulation living in an area

what is under population

where there are too few people in an area to use reacorces effiently for the current leval of technology

what is optimum population

where the population is in balance with reacources in a area given the leval of technology

what is carrying capacity

The maximum number of people that can be supported by the reasources in a given region without damaging the area to an unstatainable extent

what are causes of food shortages [9]

• Bio-fuels and Cash crops

• lack of capital

• Pests 

• Natural disasters 

• war and conflict 

• disease

• soil degrigation 

• climate change

• poor infristructure

consequences of food shortages

• vicious cycle 

• aid dependency

• conflict 

• famine 

• undernourishment [ knock on economic impact ]

who and what was Thomas Malthiust’s theroy

He was a political economist and enlightenment thinker

• Belived in the ‘Malthusian crisis’. The point at which demand exceeds suply will causeeither ‘moral restraint’ or ‘positive check’

what is a moral restraint

changes in behaviour in individuals or nationly

what is a positive check

natural corrections

• E.g Famine/desiease/war

Name two other pesemistic theorists

Paul Ehrlich [1968]

• Finate amount of reacources and population bomb = many disaters

The Club of Rome [1972]

• 100 years of growth reached = bad decline unless we change in the next 50 years

who is Ester Boserup and what was her theory

Economist

• belived in artificial intensification and that “the power of inegury would always outmatch that of demand

Name two optimistic theroists

Julian simon [1981 ]

• Ultramate rescoucre model = market adapts shown in crude oil expansion

Bijorn Lomborg [2002]

• Due to poverty + reacources will be stable once all countries are in stage 4

what is the world population-reacource relationship

world population continues to grow and so goverments must continue to balance reacources to ensure this growth is benificial

What is an example for Food insecurity

Yemen

What is the background of Yemen

Population of 25 million and fertility rate of 4.4

• Its southen arabia and one of the poorest countries in the world 

• It has an unstable government with millitant groups like Al Quedeea

• In 2015 26% of population were undernousished 

what are the Physical causes for food shortages in Yemen

• Mountnus area

• 90% of water used for irrigation [ imballence of reacources ] in uk its 0.2%

• Low rainfall 

what are the human causes of food shortages in Yemen

• instable leaders and conflict 

• 50% of water is used to grow qat 

• food imports rely on oil which can be vaunrable to attacks 

• growing population

what are the effects of the food shortages in yemen

• Highly dependent

• 90% rice and 100% of rice is imported

• imports make the country vaunrable to global prices

• 5 million depend on food aid

• in 2015 the NESS aimed to make 90% of the population food secure by 2020

• 17 million out of a population of 40 million are effected

what was the green reveloution

the modernisation of agriculture scince around 1960 through…

• irrigation

• GM crops

• Fertilisers [more affordable]

• Pesticides

• Infrastructure [ transport and storage ]

• mechanisation

who was a leader in the Green reveloution

Normon Borlaug

• developed Dwarf wheat in 1943

what were the issues of the Green reveloution

• availability and afordaboility

• ethical objections to GM crops

• Eutrification

• Unemployment in rural areas due to mechinisation

what is birth rate

the number of live births per year per thousand

what is death rate

the number of deaths per thousand per year

what is natural increace

the change in size of a population caused by diffrence in birth and death rate

what is population change equation

(birth rate - death rate) + or - migration

what is replacement leval

the rate at which a population is stable [2.1]

what is fertility rate

the average number of children each women in a population will have in thier life time

what is infant mortality rate

the number of children who die aged 1 per thousand lives

what is life expectancy 

the average number of years from birth a person can expect to live

what are the scocial factors effecting fertility

Education 

Death and infant mortality rate 

Religion 

Tradition

age structure of population 

status of women 

what is a fact about death and infant mortality rate in subsahran aftrica

In sub saharan africa women must have 9 children to be sure of having a son survive to look after them when they are old

what is a fact about tradition affecting fertility rates

The earlier a women had her first child the more likely they are to have more

what is the fertility rate in Britain

1.41

what are the economic factors effecting fertility rates

Goverment policy

economic factors e.g burden or asset 

what is the case study for fertility rates due to status of women 

Kerela, India

How is the status of women regarded in Kerela

• Women regarded as assets 

• Instead of dowerys womens parents recive money 

• women can own and inherit land 

• 85% of women are litterate

• good healthcare and investment into child care 

• Average age of marrige is higher in kerela than the rest of india 

what is the Literacy rate and fertility rate in kerela

.                   kerela            india           UK

Fertility rate 1.8                  3.2            1.7

literacy rate   85%             57%             

what shape is this diagram

Concave

what shape is this diagram

convex

what is the dependancy ratio

(young + old dependents / working population) x100

what is the sex ratio

the number of males per 100 females in a population

why is the sex ratio on average balanced

The natural imbalance of more men than women tends to even out due to the fact women live longer than men

what are the scocial factor effectibg death rates/mortality

Infant mortality

Ageing population 

NCD’s 

Poverty 

HIV’s and AIDS

what is a fact about infant mortality rate in affganistan

44 deaths per 1000 live births [UNICEF]