chloroplasts and photosynthesis

Joseph priestly 1771

founder of photosynthesis

first to realize something exchanged between plants and animals

theodore engelman - late 1800s

worked with carl zeiss

isolated chloroplasts in sucrose

realized that red and violet light worked best

FIRST BIOASSAY

worked with spirogyra

robert hill and cornelius van Neil - 1930s

purple sulfur bacteria - use H sulfide and light to make carbs

evolved ulfide instead of evolving oxygen

melvin calvin - 1940

• worked with carbon 14 \

• calvin cycle aka the carbo cycle

artifical photosynthesis

• decreases co2

• increases energy → formic acid

JCAP - barack obama, solar driven, up to 22.4 ti

SUN catalyatix - lockheed martin, a spinoff company that works on artificial photosynthesis

cyanobacteria

• make more energy than needed

• easy to grow

• photsynthetic prokaryotes (simple)

• can be used to repair damaged tissues

• algae

ben frankin

vegetable creation could restore the air which is spoiled by animal parts

• discovered that oxygen was being released 1700

• oxygen relied on the green part of the plant 1700

neoplants

a company that hopes to cure indoor air pollution with bioengineering through developing transgenic plants

theodore engelman found that

bacteria migrated to the chloroplast

experiment 1

. purple culfur bacteria was put in cell culture dish

bubbled with o2

purple sulfur exhibited negative aerotaxis

showed that oxygen is not being released by the purple sulfur bacteria

experiment 2

used light

purple bateria comes to the light which is a positive action

showed no negative aerotaxis

obama

• 2012- decide to hange funding for people who work on photosynthesis

• allocated 120 mill for jcap

• artificial photosynthesis

jcap

22 times more efficient than natural photosynthesis

artifical photosynthesis can make fuels like octane methane etc…

berlin

propoed a systen that would take co2 in a large-scale manner an incorporate technologies of artifical photosynthesis

ap

regualr photosynthesis would produce carbs from co2 and h20

• would produce ethanol mathane and other fuels

cyanobacteria can be used for cyanoremediation

a. co2

b. microplastics

organic hydrogarbons

soil reclaimig

waste water

detox of heavy metals

degrade radioactive compound

cyanobacteria nd cardiac conditions

-can be used to treat crdiac conditions via injection into cardiac tissue of rats

cyanobacteria nd cardiac conditions #2

showed results of increased oxygen flow and improved heart function when using light to trigger photosynthesis

neoplants were designed to be

a house plant that takes noxious chemicals out the air

neop1

removed volatile organic compounds

chlorophyll a

has a methyl group

chlorophyll b

no methyl group

action spectrum/absorption spectrum

the relationship between absorption of pigments and the amount of carbon that is fixed

ken miller

freeze fracture

proposed that if pushed to do so, plants can use a pigment that is not green for photosynthesis

beta carotene

a. an antioxidant

b. regarded as something that could work against cancer

beta carotene clincial trial 1

in finland

• used male smokers, vitamin e and beta carotene to see if lung cancer can be prevented

ultimately showed that there was a 16 percent increase in lung cancer

beta carotene clincial trial 2

caret usa

• used vitamin a an d beta carotene and both male and female smokers

ultimately showed an increase of 28 percent in lung cancer

cyclic electron flow

produces atp but not nadph since that nis required for carbon fixation

linear electron flow

produces atp and makes nadph

photoinhibition

the way that land, plants, algae, cyanobaacteria and other photosynthetic organisms protect their photosynthetic pathwaysa against light damage

photosystem 2 is targeted by

photoinhibition

photosystem 2 is most sensitive to

blue light

d1 is a psii protien with

a high turnover rate and photoinhibiiton blocks its synthesis thus decreasing the activity of psii and photosynthesis

the chlamydomonas chaperon protein HSP70 helps

psii recover from photoinhibition

carbon fixation

favored with HIGH co2 and LOW o2 concentrations

photorespiration

favored with HIGH o2 and LOW co2 concentrations

photorespiration is considered wasteful since it

releases co2

rubsico has low affinity for

co2

rubisco

required for carbon fixation

can undergo photorespiration

can undergo 2 enzymatic reactions depending on conditions

c4 plants problem

rubisco has a relative low affinity for co2

c4 plants solution

c4 plants use PEP CARBOXYLASE which has a higher affinity for co2 so that it can pump co2 and rubisco can now function

p680

absorbs light at 680 nnm

p700

absorbs light at 700 nm

light harvesting complexes

• found in thylakoid membrane

• works with chlorophyll alpha and chlorophyl b in photosynthesis

LCH2

used to convert linear to cyclic electron flow

linear electric flow

rest stage, makes ATP, generates NADPH, works with plastocyanin and p680

photsynthesis

1. light enters and interacts with LH2

2. active electron transport and PMF

3. ATP synthesis

4. dark reactions- carbon fixation and carbohydrate synthesis

photoinhibiton cause

lincomyen

hsp70

can reactivate photosynthesis

carbon fixation needs

ATP, NADPH, CO2, rubisco

carbon fixation occurs in

chloroplastroma

carbon fixation creates

sucrose, nadp+ glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate

plants releAse o2 from h20 not

co2