Cardiovascular/Circulatory and Respiratory Systems - Honors Biology

physical digestion

food is chewed, mixed, and churned

Anatomy

Branch of science dealing with bodily structures of living things-usually shown by dissections or separation of an organism’s parts.

Physiology

Branch of science dealing with the normal functions of living things

Anterior

Towards the front of the body

Posterior

Towards the back of the body

Superior

Close to the head

Inferior

Closer to the feet

Distal (ONLY for limbs)

Farther from where a limb attaches

Proximal (ONLY for limbs)

Closer to where a limb attaches

Medial

Closer to imaginary center line down center of body

Lateral

Farther from imaginary line down center of body

Respiratory System

Takes in oxygen and emits CO2

Larynx

vocal cords are stretched across

alveoli

where CO2 and oxygen exchange takes place

Bronchi

2 tubes that split into each lung

Trachea

Airway (windpipe) takes oxygen to the lungs-covered by cartilage flap for protection

bronchioles

each bronchi splits into smaller tubes

diaphragm

moves up and down to control air volume

lungs

contain 1000s of alveoli (as big as tennis court)

Breathing

Physical process of taking ALL air in and out

Respiration

Exchange of chemicals from air and blood

Inhalation

Diaphragm contracts (moves down), volume of the chest cavity increases, pressure of the lungs decreases, air moves inward

Exhalation

Diaphragm relaxes (moves up), volume of the chest cavity decreases, pressure of the lungs increases, air moves outward

Cardiovascular/Circulatory System

moves bloods/fluids throughout the body in order to transport nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones, etc.

Platelets

cell fragments that help with blood clotting

Plasma

“watery” part of blood that carries nutrients and materials

WBC cells

help protect body from foreign invaders

RBC cells

contain protein hemoglobin that carries O2

arteries

O2 rich (red), carry blood away from heart

veins

CO2 rich (blue), carry blood to heart

capillaries

smallest vessels branching to increase surface area to increase rate of diffusion of O2/CO2

pulmonary circuit

CO2 rich blood leaves heart and goes to lungs to switch CO2 for O2 at alveoli (heart to lungs)

systemic circuit

O2 rich blood leaves the heart, goes to muscles, cells, organs, etc. to switch O2 for CO2 (heart to body)

Path of blood through heart

CO2 enters the heart through superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → CO2 swapped for O2 at alveolis, exits through pulmonary arteries to lungs → O2 rich blood to heart through pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → out of aorta to body →body uses O2 and swaps for CO2 at capillaries → then CO2 goes back to the heart and the process repeat

What parts of the body is chewing done with?

mouth and teeth

peristalsis

food moves from muscle contractions of esophagus, stomach, and intestines

chemical digestion

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones using chemicals

saliva

made by salivary glands and aids the mouth in chemically breaking down complex carbs (enzymes)

gastric juice

formed by stomach cells (mostly HCl) helps break down proteins

pancreatic juice

breaks down proteins, carbs, and fats in the small intestine

bile

breaks down fats in small intestine

digestive tract

digestive system organs where food DOES pass through

parts of the digestive tract

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum, anus

accessory organs

digestive system where food does not pass through

body parts that are accessory organs

teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, tongue

mouth

turns food into bolus

salivary glands

produce and secrete saliva that contains enzymes that help break down food

esophagus

muscular tube moves to stomach by peristalsis

chyme

liquified food

HCl

acids

gallbladder

stores bile

liver

produces bile

pancreas

produces pancreatic juice

small intestine (think what’s inside of it)

microvilli absorb nutrients

large intestine

absorb H2O from undigested chyme

rectum

stores feces

anus

expels feces