Ap world final vocab

Sufis

Islamic mystics who sought direct communion with God, often through rituals and devotional practices.

Kabir

A 15th-century poet-saint in India known for his writings on spirituality and social issues, emphasizing unity among religions.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region, combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.

Timbuktu

A historic city in Mali known for its wealth and as a center for Islamic scholarship during medieval times.

Mexica

The indigenous people of Mexico, who established the Aztec Empire.

Huitzilopochtli

The Aztec god of sun and war, important in their religious practices.

Quechua

An indigenous language family spoken primarily in the Andes region of South America.

Khubilai Khan

The fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China.

Hulegu

A Mongol leader who founded the Ilkhanate in Persia after conquering much of the area in the 13th century.

Khutulun

A Mongolian princess and warrior known for her prowess in combat and her refusal to marry until she found a worthy opponent.

Kipchak Khanate/ Golden Horde

A khanate formed by the Mongol Empire that ruled over much of Russia and parts of Eastern Europe.

Great Zimbabwe

A historical city in modern-day Zimbabwe known for its impressive stone structures and significant trade.

Jenne-Jeno

An ancient city in Mali, recognized as one of the oldest urban centers in sub-Saharan Africa.

Encomienda and Repartimiento

Spanish systems of forced labor in colonial America.

Peninsulares, Creoles, & Mestizos

Social classes in colonial Latin America; Peninsulares were Spanish-born, Creoles were locally born of Spanish descent, and Mestizos were of mixed ancestry.

Tupac Amaru Revolt

A rebellion against Spanish colonial rule in Peru led by Tupac Amaru II in the late 18th century.

Kingdom of Dahomey

A powerful West African kingdom known for its military prowess and involvement in the slave trade.

Queen Nzinga

A resilient leader of the Ndongo and Matamba kingdoms in Angola who fought against Portuguese colonization.

Potosi, Bolivia

A city known for its silver mines, which had a significant impact on the global economy.

Treaty of Nerchinsk

An agreement between Russia and China marking their boundaries and promoting trade.

Creoles

Individuals in colonial Latin America born of European descent.

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos

Leaders of the Mexican War of Independence against Spanish rule.

Simon Bolivar

A leader of South American independence movements against Spanish rule.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A foundational document from the French Revolution affirming individual and collective rights.

Olympe de Gouges

A French playwright and political activist known for her works on women's rights during the French Revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A military and political leader who rose to prominence in France and became Emperor in the early 19th century.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who established Haiti as the first independent black-led nation.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

A leader of the Haitian Revolution who declared Haiti's independence from France.

Independence debt

Refers to the financial burden imposed on Haiti by France after its independence.

Seneca Falls

The site of the first women's rights convention held in the United States in 1848.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A prominent advocate for women's rights and suffrage in the U.S.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

An organization formed to advocate for women's right to vote in the United States.

Kartini

An Indonesian women's rights activist who wrote letters advocating for the education of women.

Huda Sharawi

An Egyptian feminist leader known for her advocacy for women's rights in the early 20th century.

Middle Class

A social class that emerged during the industrial period, characterized by professionals and skilled workers.

Robert Owen

A social reformer known for his efforts in establishing utopian communities and improving labor conditions.

Karl Marx

A philosopher and economist known for his theories on capitalism and socialism, particularly in "The Communist Manifesto."

Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party

A political party in Russia that aimed to promote socialism and workers' rights.

The Crimean War (1854-1856)

A conflict between Russia and an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia over territory.

Caudillos

Military or political leaders in post-independence Latin America who often ruled authoritatively.

Mexican Revolution of 1910

A major armed struggle that transformed Mexican society and government.

King Leopold of Belgium

The king known for his exploitative regime in the Congo Free State.

Taiping Uprising

A massive civil war in China (1850-1864) led by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom against the Qing Dynasty.

Self-Strengthening

A late 19th-century Chinese policy aimed at modernization and industrialization alongside traditional Confucian values.

Boxer Uprising

An anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China during 1899-1901.

Hundred Days of Reform

A failed 1898 campaign to modernize China in response to foreign pressures and internal problems

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party that seized power in the October Revolution of 1917.

Vladimir Lenin

The leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and the first leader of the Soviet state.

Guomindang

The Nationalist Party in China that opposed the Communist Party in the early 20th century.

Zhenotdel

A women's organization within the Soviet government that focused on women’s rights and education.

Collectivization

The policy of consolidating individual land and labor into collective farms in the Soviet Union.

Five-Year Plans

Centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union aimed at rapid industrialization.

Great Leap Forward

An initiative by Mao aimed at transforming China into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization.

Great Cultural Revolution

A sociopolitical movement initiated by Mao to preserve communist ideology by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements.

Terror/Great Purges

A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s to eliminate dissent.

Rosie the Riveter

 A cultural icon representing women who worked in factories during WWII.

United Nations

An international organization founded after WWII to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

Indian National Congress

A political party in India that played a crucial role in advocating for independence from British rule.

Satyagraha

A nonviolent resistance philosophy developed by Gandhi in the struggle for civil rights.

Muslim League

A political group in British India that advocated for the establishment of a separate Muslim state.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

 The leader of the All-India Muslim League and the first Governor-General of Pakistan.

Mikhail Gorbachev

The last leader of the Soviet Union known for his policies of Glasnost and Perestroika.

Perestroika

A political movement for reformation within the Communist Party in the Soviet Union initiated by Gorbachev.

Glasnost

A policy of open discussion of political and social issues in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev.