BTNY 420

The mobile signal that induces the transition to flowering is called _________________ and it is encoded by the _____ gene.

florigen; FT

In a graft, which of the following should induce flowering in the stock?

grafting of a leaf from an induced plant onto the stock

If the critical duration for flowering is 8 hours, what happens in a short-day plant and a long-day plant grown under a 6-hour night condition?

The long-day plant flowers but the short-day plant does not

In Arabidopsis, when does CO accumulate and trigger FT transcription?

after long days

_______ and _________ negatively regulate flowering, while ________ and _______ trigger the transition to flowering.

miR156, AP2-like proteins; miR172, SPLs

Which factors positively regulate the transition to flowering? Select all that apply,

high CO expression

high GA levels

What is the order of floral organs across the four whorls in Arabidopsis? Select the answer that lists the organs from whorl 1-4.

sepals, petals, stamen, carpels

What happens with TFL1 is made non-functional by mutation?

premature conversion of meristems into a terminal flower, making the inflorescence determinate

apetala3 and pistillata are examples of which class of floral mutants?

Class B

What phenotype do agamous mutants have?

lack stamen and carpels

What prevents AP2 function in whorls 3 and 4?

miR172

_______ promotes seed dormancy, while ________ promotes germination.

ABA; GA

Vivipary occurs in mutants with reduced levels of ___________

ABA

_______ is a negative regulator involved in germination in response to light.

PIL5

________ is a master regulator of dormancy and is involved in environmental response through deposition of histone marks.

DOG1

_____________ determine the position of leaf primordia.

local auxin levels

____________ transcription factors help maintain proliferation in the shoot apical meristem through regulation of the concentrations of GA and cytokinin.

KNOX

Growth that increases on one axis preferentially is __________________ growth.

anisotropic

PHAN is a gene that affects ______________________ .

adaxial-abaxial polairty

CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC1) is a key regulator of ________________ polarity.

proximal-distal

BOP genes are required to _____________________.

establish petiole identity

In plants, programmed cell death only occurs at the end of a plant's life.

False

What is the order of the steps in autophagy?

Phagophore induction, autophagosome forms, autophagic body fuses with the tonoplast, breakdown in vacuole

Mutants in autophagy (atg) genes look normal when grown under permissive conditions.

True

Senescence is regulated at which levels?

All of the above

What triggers senescence in monocarpic plants?

reproduction

Second messengers involved in abiotic stress signaling include

ROS

________________ help stabilize proteins and cell structures under stress.

Compatible solutes

______ transcription factors are involved in cold acclimation

CBF

Stress response signaling pathways contain genes with overlapping functions.

True

________ are responsible for repairing protein conformations after denaturation by heat.

HSPs