Male, female, breast

What are the main external structures of the male genitourinary system?

The penis (including glans, foreskin/prepuce, urethral meatus) and the scrotum.

What structures are included in the internal anatomy of the male genitourinary system?

The prostate gland, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, and vas deferens.

What is the cremasteric reflex?

A superficial reflex where stroking the inner thigh causes the cremaster muscle to contract, pulling the ipsilateral testicle upward for thermoregulation.

What is the purpose of Testicular Self-Examination (TSE)?

To check for changes in the testes, recommended to be done once a month.

What does the TSE mnemonic stand for?

Timing (once a month), Shower (warm water relaxes the scrotum), and Examine (check for and report changes).

What age group is most commonly affected by testicular cancer?

Males aged 15-35.

What are some medical benefits of circumcision?

Reduced risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs), penile cancer, and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

What are the 5 P's in sexual history assessment?

Partners, Practices, Protection, Prevention of pregnancy, and Past history of STIs.

What urinary symptoms should be assessed?

Dysuria, frequency, urgency, nocturia, hesitancy, or straining.

What is a normal finding regarding the testes?

Slight asymmetry of the testes is normal.

What is hypospadias?

A congenital condition where the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis.

What is cryptorchidism?

Undescended testes, commonly seen in preterm infants.

What is phimosis?

Inability to retract the foreskin, which is a medical indication for circumcision.

What are the signs of testicular torsion?

Acute onset of severe pain, nausea, vomiting, blue discoloration, absent cremasteric reflex, and negative Prehn sign.

What differentiates epididymitis from testicular torsion?

Epididymitis has a gradual onset of pain, present cremasteric reflex, and positive Prehn sign.

What is Tanner Staging used for?

To track sexual maturity in adolescents.

What changes occur in the male reproductive system after age 30?

Gradual decline in testosterone, leading to decreased penis/testes size and thinner pubic hair.

What condition affects 80% of men over age 60?

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), causing urinary hesitancy and frequency.

What are the external anatomical structures of the vulva?

Mons pubis, clitoris, labia majora, and labia minora.

What does the vestibule of the vulva contain?

The urethral meatus, vaginal orifice, and openings of Skene's and Bartholin's glands.

What are the main components of internal female anatomy?

Vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

Where is the rectum positioned in relation to the vagina?

Posteriorly to the vagina.

What is the perineum?

The area between the vaginal opening and the anus.

What is Breast Self-Examination (BSE)?

A self-exam to check for changes in the breasts, though not routinely recommended.

What should patients report during a Breast Self-Examination?

Any changes such as lumps, discharge, or changes in skin texture.

What is cervical cancer screening?

Tests like Pap smears obtained during a speculum exam to screen for abnormalities.

What subjective data should be collected in a patient history?

Menstrual history, obstetric history, pelvic pain, urinary symptoms, and vaginal discharge.

What are the '5 P's' in sexual history?

Partners, Practices, Protection, Prevention of pregnancy, and Past history of STIs.

What is the lithotomy position?

A position for the patient during a pelvic exam.

What should be inspected during a physical exam of the external genitalia?

Symmetry, lesions, and abnormal discharge.

How should Bartholin glands be assessed?

Palpate at the 5:00 and 7:00 positions; they should be soft and nontender.

What is a normal finding for the cervix?

The cervix should be pink and smooth.

What indicates an abnormal cervix?

Erythema or lesions on the cervix.

What is galactorrhea?

White, milky nipple discharge that is abnormal if the patient is not breastfeeding.

What does bulging of the vaginal wall indicate?

Possible weakness in the pelvic floor.

What is peau d'orange?

Skin texture resembling an orange peel, indicating breast pathology.

What is pseudomenses?

Blood-tinged discharge in infants due to maternal estrogen.

What is Tanner Staging?

A method to track puberty in adolescents.

What changes occur in the vagina during pregnancy?

Increased secretions and a higher risk for candidiasis infections.

What happens to the vagina during menopause?

It becomes smaller, thinner, and drier, leading to dyspareunia.

What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?

A social custom that can lead to severe complications like infection or birth difficulties.

What should be noted when documenting breast masses?

Location, size/shape, consistency, mobility, and tenderness.

What is the prostate?

An internal male organ located between the bladder and rectum.

What is the focus of health promotion?

Self-awareness and understanding specific risk factors.

Are monthly breast self-examinations (BSE) recommended for everyone?

No, they are no longer routinely recommended due to anxiety and false positives.

What should patients do regarding changes in their breasts?

Be familiar with their 'normal' and report any changes to their provider immediately.

What is the risk of breast cancer for Black women compared to white women?

Black women are nearly 40% more likely to die of breast cancer.

Which genetic mutations significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer?

Inherited mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.

Which group of women has a higher prevalence of BRCA mutations?

Ashkenazi Jewish women.

What are the main components of breast anatomy?

Adipose tissue, Cooper ligaments, and lobules leading to lactiferous ducts.

Where does lymphatic drainage from the breast primarily flow?

Into the axillary nodes.

What developmental change occurs in breasts during adolescence?

Estrogen stimulates thelarche (breast development) around age 9-10.

What changes occur in breasts during pregnancy?

Breasts become larger, more nodular, and colostrum may appear halfway through.

What happens to breast tissue during menopause?

Breast tissue atrophies, leading to drooping and more prominent lumps.

What equipment should be used for nipple palpation?

Gloves specifically for nipple palpation.

What is the 'fainting' position used for during breast examination?

A position with a pillow under the shoulder of the side being examined.

What subjective data should be collected during a breast assessment?

Inquire about pain, lumps, discharge, rashes, or swelling.

What are the inspection positions for a breast examination?

Sitting, arms above head, hands on hips, and leaning forward.

What should be noted during breast inspection?

Look for dimpling, Peau d'orange, and nipple direction.

What technique is used for breast palpation?

Use pads of three fingers in a circular motion with varying pressure.

What is the vertical strip method in breast palpation?

A method of palpation moving in a vertical strip pattern from the nipple.

What five characteristics should be documented when a mass is identified?

Location, size and shape, consistency and mobility, pain, and associated changes.

What is galactorrhea?

White, milky discharge that is abnormal if the patient is not breastfeeding.

What should be assessed in male breast examinations?

Inspect for gynecomastia or lumps and palpate axillary lymph nodes.