Bio 125

Things to have memorized for exams

Cytoplasm

Everything inside the cell except the nucleus

why are cells small

cells are small because of metabolic activity needs to have a small volume but a large surface area to let material in and out

Smooth endoplasmic recticulum

the primary site of lipid production

Rough endoplasmic recticulum

the primary site of protein creation by ribosomes

Nucleus

Holds the genetic material of DNA

Mitochondria

Creates power for the cell called ATP

Ribosomes

Use amino acids to make protein

Golgi apparatus

Refinds and moves proteins

Lysosomes

Uses enzymes to digest bacteria and other big things

Peroxisomes

Uses enzymes to destroy toxic waste

Centrioles

Help with cell division by aligning and dividing the cell wall

Cytoskeleton

supports the cell structure

Proteins

Act as a receptor for signals and acts as a gateway for larger molecules to pass through. The key part of facilitated transport

Cholesterol

Stiffens the cell membrane

Biopholipid bilayer

Carbohydrate groups

Identifies cell

cillia

Short hair like structures for moving things on the ovaries

Flagellae

Longer whip like structure for moving things on sperm celsl

Microvilli

Hairs on the surface of cells that move things found in the digestive system

Passive transport

The cell doesn’t use any ATP instead relies on diffusion

Membrane passive transport

Molecules that are lipid-soluble like oxygen

Channel diffusion

Molecules passes the cell membrane through protein gateways like with water

Facilitated transport

Molecules bind to a protein change its shape and pass through like with glucose

Endocytosis

Moving material into the cell

Exocytosis

Moving material out of the cell

Isotonic

There is no net movement because the intercellular and extracellular fluids are the same strength there is no change in the cell shape, size, or volume

Hypertonic

The strength of the solution is higher than that of the intercellular fluid, so water leaves the cell making it shrink

Hypotonic

The strength of the solution is weaker than the intercellular fluid, so water enters the cell making it expand

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Catabolism

Where larger molecules are broken down for energy

Anabolism

Where molecules are assembled into larger molecules

Tissue

Groups of cells that have a common function

Epithelial tissue

Covers and protects and some are specialized and make a product and push it out

Muscle tissue

connects and shortens itself

Nervous tissue

Stimuli and signals it picks up and interprets

Connective tissue

it connects things together

Organ

several groups of tissue grouped together

Basment membrane

Directly beneath the epithelial cells it is the noncellular supporting layer

Cell junctions

Protein canals that connect epithelial cells together

Tight junction

spot welds between the 2 cell membranes that hold the cells tightly together to prevent leaking

Ex: Digestive tract cells bladder cells

Adhesion/desmosomes junction/spot

Allow for stretching between cells like skin and muscle and the stomach

Ex: epithelial tissue the skin

Gap junction

Protein channels or tunnels for rapid sharing or communication between two cells

Ex: liver, heart, some muscle tissue

Simple squamous epithelium

Allows for the exchange of gas waste and nutrients

Ex: air sacs of lungs and lines blood vessels

Stratisfied squamous epithelium

Protects from abrasions infections and drying out

Ex: Outer layer skin, mouth, vagina

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Absorbs water and other small molecules

Ex: kidney tubules and glands

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Secrets water and ions it lines ducts of sweat glands

Simple columnar epithelium

Absorbs nutrients and secrets mucuse lines digestive organs

Stratisfied columnar epithelium

Secrets mucus lines the mammary glands and larynx

Connective tissue makeup

C.T is made up of living cells in a nonliving matrix

Types of connective tissue

Fibrous & Special

Elastic

Elastic a fibrous connective tissue is around organs that stretch like the stomach

Reticular

Reticular a fibrous connective tissue is a fine and delicate in framework found in the liver spleen and lymph nodes

Loose

Loose fibrous connective tissue is a packing material around organs that attaches the skin to the tissue below

Dense

Dense fibrous connective tissue is in the tendons and ligaments lower layer of skin

Cartilage

A special connective tissue made from chondrocytes with three types: elastic in the ears hyaline at the ends of growth plates

Bone

A special connective tissue that is made of mineral deposits of calcium and phosphate that forms the skeleton

Blood

A special connective tissue that carries oxygen and defends against infections and heals

Adipose

A special connective tissue that stores energy in fat

Muscle tissue

Striated muscle contracts when stimulated has three different types: smooth cardiac and skeletal

Smooth muscle

Non-striated muscles of hollow internal organs and tubes

Ex: Bladder, uterus, digestive tract

Skeletal muscle

Moves the skeleton using tendons which attach muscle to bone and ligaments which attach bone to bone

Cardiac muscle

Strained involuntary muscles around the heart

Nervous tissue

Consists of cells that generate and transmit electrical impulses in the body using neurons

Axon

sends the signal to the next cell; it randomly divides

Gilal cell

They support the neuron guards they protect, insulate and nourish

Dendrites

Extensions of the cell membrane that pick up the signal and bring it into the cell body

Synovial membrane

Line freely movable joints creats joint fluod

Cutaneous membrane

It is skin is the integumentary system

Mucuse membrane

Lines areas of the body that are open to the outside

Ex: digestive capacity, nose, eyes, vagina

Serous membrane

they cover organs & body cavities

Functions of skin

Protects against dehydration and injury, defends against infection, regulates body temperature, makes vitamin D, and provides sensation

Cranial cavity

Where is the brain

Vertibral canal

Thoracic cavity

Where are the lungs

Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Diaphram

abdominal cavity

Where is the digestive system

Pelvic cavity

Where are the reproductive organs

Anterior cavity

Pericardial cavity

Where is the heart

Pleural cavity

Where the lungs are

Mistigial plane

divides the body into right and left

Frontal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior

Transverse

Divides the body into superior and inferior

Anterior

the front of the body

Posterior

the back of the body

Distal

farther from the base of the body

Proximal

closer to the base of the body

Superior

closer to the top of the headd

Inferior

farther way from the base of the head

Medial

closer to the midline

Lateral

farther from the mid line

Structures of the skin

the dermis and epidermis have six different structures for the hair, sweat and oil

Hair

Grows from the follicle and pushes hair to the epidermis

Sebaceous gland

Oil gland that moisturizes the skin and hair

Smooth muscle

Pulls on hair making it stand up

Blood vessels

Keeps the tempature regulated by dilating or constricting to let heat out or keep it in

Sensery nerve endings

Allow for the feeling of sensations like touch or heat

Sweat glands

Aids with temperature regulation by producing sweat to cool down

Functions of bones

Supports and moves the body and protects the organs, stores minerals, and makes blood cells

Structure of bone

Made up of osteons in a calcium phosphate matrix that looks like a tree stump full of osteocytes that live in the lacunae