Exam 3- most important things

You want to see a phospholipid bilayer so you add phospholipids to a cup of water. Which of the following is happening

hydrophobic effect (driving force), hydrogen bond/electrostatic forces (heads and environment), van der waals force (ALL options!!!)

true or false about membranes

true or false about membranes

things that are larger have an easier time getting in( no gasses pass easly large molecules don’t)

true or false about membranes

more hydrophobic things have an easier time getting in (TRUE) yes because oils , and lipid tails

true or false about membranes

like DNA formation, membrane formation uses enzymes- false

true or false about membranes

they contain many proteins (TRUE)

true or false about membranes

formation hapopens very quickly- TRUE

What causes the membrane to form

hydrophobic effect, tails experience van der waals interactions, and electrostatic interactions and H bonding occur between water and the HEAD (polar part)

Atp hydrolysis is…

exergonic due its relatively HIGH phosphoryl transfer potential (though its NOT the highest overall because PEP and -220 g value of ETC)

three qualities of atp

electrostatic repulsion (3 - phosphate heads), resonance stabilization (ADP+ Pi), Hydration and solution of products (aqueous environment, stabilizes), and increased entroby

True or false

oxidation means gains of electrons. Gaining hydrogens is similar to gaining electrons (F)= loss

R2C= O —> R2CH=OH

REDUCED, and NAD+ was also produced (NADH+ C=O—> C=OH+NAD+)

ranking in terms of most energy to the least

look, for oxygen, loook for hydrogen (more C,H= reduced) more (Os= oxidized)

Which of the following PROMOTE glycolysis by activating PFKase (which means it does NOT promote gluconeogenesis, its opposite)

three control strategies for glycolysis

allosteric control, phosphorylation, transcritpional control (regulates what enzymes are made)

write whether or not the following turns PFKase on or off (OFF)

high ATP, high immediate products (f1, 6 bp), high ATP; AMP ratio, high citrate

write whether or not the following turns PFKase on or off (ONNN)

high AMP, high immediate reactants (F6P), low ATP; AMP ratio

When breaking down glycolysis how many products are yielded

0 CO2, 2 NTP (ATP), 2 NADH, 0 FADH2

Pyruvate procesisng products

2 CO2, 2 NADH, 0 ATP, 2 NADH, 0 FADH2

CAC products

4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (this 2x meaning the cycle happens twice once is 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2)

total products yielded during ETC after 2 ROUNDS

6 CO2, 4 ATP, 10 NADH, 12 FADH2

what does glycolysis produce

Pyruvate (enzyme that does it PFK)

what does Pyruvate processing do

produce Acetyl coa, enzyme (PDH)

What does CAC cycle produce

NADH2/ FADH2

what does ETC do

create H+ protein gradient

pyruvate processing

starts off with 2 pyruvates with THREE CARBONS EACH, in the MATRIX, an oxidized CO2 molecule is lost and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. COA comes to join in our acetyl group yielding 2 identical products. This molecule is called Acetyl CoA (ACC) and it has #2 carbons from the pyruvate. the enzyme that does this is PDH

CAC steps

Acetyl Coa, and one molecule of glucose products 2 of them, this combines with 4 carbond product (oxaloacetate) it forms the 6C citrate. Then step 8 is regenerated to step 1 oxaloacetate ( this turns a unfavorable reaction to a favorable one!) (cycle twice- 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP

Which is proof of oxidation of carbon molecules, and what molecule does that oxidized carbon often become?

Which of the following upregulates the PDH complex

high pyruvate because it is the reactant (1 pyruvate—> acetyl CoA)

What is the difference between ETC and OP and where are each happening

ETC, ATP synthase and inner mitrochondrial membrane (matrix!)

what side of the innter membrane is ATP made on

matrix (ATP synthase faces matrix)

oxidative phosphorylation’s primary output is…

ATP

What is the name of an ATP- generating process in which an inorganic compound serves as the ultimate electron acceptor

cellular respiration

What is the ultimate acceptor in aerobic respiration

O2

Is NADH electron transfer to 02 more or less favorable than ATP hydrolysis in this process

EXTREMELY exergonic (so more -220 vs. -30)

What is the delta G for (reduction of oxygen) and (formation of ATP) combined

Negative (- G+ +G=-)

which of the two membranes is extensively fooded and why

inner—> more surface area for ETC and ATP Synthase

outer membrane

very permeable to small molecules and ions because of a high level of porin expression

inner membrane

is impermeable to ios and ions/ polar molecules. This is WHY transporters are needed for pyruvate, citrate, ATP, etc. This is also where we see ATP synthase

The overall goal of oxidative phosphorylation is to…

convert the electron transfer potential of NADH and FADH2 into the phosphoryl transfer potential of ATP

The proton gradient is highly exergonic because

it goes from flow of electrons that are (reduced forms of E carriers to O2 to make H20) and the oxidized forms of e carriers is EXergonic . this builds a proton gradient which allows it to be possible to perform the normally endergonic reaction (ATP synthesis)

What creates this proton gradient

large potential difference between e- carriers and O2 through the chain which favors the formation of the gradient

Energy is… by the oxygen being.,,

Gained, Reduced

the magnitude values of delta G values is higher in the process of ATP synthesis or NADH and FADH2 e- transfer

NADH and FADH2 e- transfer because the value is higher in order of the free energy NEEDED to make ATP

pH inside the matrix is ..

HIGHER so the matrix is LESS acidic due to the normal ABSENCE of protons,

which one is not a proton pump and CAC FADH2

C II

Which complexes have iron in them

ALL

Which complex does NADH enter into

I

which one does FADH2 enter into

II

Which is the CA cycle enzyme (the physical link between CAC and ETC)

II

Does a single NADH or FADH2 go through less complexes and hence pump less protons

FADH2 it enter CII, less physical H+ pumping

How many electrons does NADH carry and how many electrons does FADH2 carry

1, 2 e_

Which complex REDUCES oxygen to wat4er for the final electron acceptor

iv

Which cofactor has iron and IS a protein

Cyt C

Where do the electrons of NADH and FADH2 converge

complex III via CoQ

how electrons flow through the ETC

CI (coQ)—> CIII (cyt C)—> CIV

why do we need all these complexes and shuttles

controlled E release, build of H+ gradient

What are our products in oxidative phosphorylation

H2O, NAD+, FAD, and ATPPP

The committed step

(F6P—>F1,6 BP)

sphingosine

NH2, OH, makes it net charge positive because OH is neutral

glucose

6 membered ring, 6 carbons

TAGS

anhydrous, highly reduced, 7x more energy per gram than glucose

phosphatidylserine

hydroxyl group attaches to the phosphate

rate of traveling through the lipid bilayer

tryptophan —> indole—> glucose (largest, polar, slowest)

which process is noted to consume ATP

glycolysis (investment phases step 1, 3)

Allosteric regulator has

lower affiniity for atp , and F2, 6 BP can serve as a positive regulator for PFK

in the PDC complex

high acetyl coA serves as a negative regulator and high ATP serves as a negative regulator

glycolysis happens in the

cytoplasm

fatty acid synthesis happens in the

cytoplasm

fatty acid DEGREDATION happens in the

matrix

If a 16C fatty acid is being broken down to 2c Unit, the coA gets added when the fatty acid is at the ——- stage . Addition of the CoA —— an ATPq

16C you have to start at palmitate and it REQUIRES an ATP (as the energy source)

Beta Oxidation Stages

O (FADH2) H (add H2O) O( NADH) C (acetyl coa )

What does ACP do

prevents interaction and is a carbon carrier

Fatty acid synthesis

C (malonyl group loses CO2) ( R ) β-keto group to an alcohol NADPH D - take out water R NADPH Reduction of a double bond to a single bond

acetyl carboxylase

acetyl coA+ CO2+ ATP—> makes Malonyl coA

catabolism activated by

+AMP, +ADP, +glucagon, +epi,

catabolism inhibited by

-ATP, -NADPH, - citrate, - insulin

gluconeogenesis likesss

high atp, high citratem and high acetyl coA

as electron energy is transferred in ETC

it goes to lower free energy when it is coupled as it reaches the final e- acceptor O2

what inhibits ACC

high AMP, glucagon, epi, palmitoyl CoA (fat)

what activiates ACC

high energy so ATP, Citrate

high km

lower affinitiy

km unit is

M

kcat

turn over rate

km divided by vmax

M/ M/s= s (conc/ conc/time)