Circulatory Test

Functions of the circulatory system

delivering blood to all body cells, transports oxygen throughout the body and carries away waste such as CO2

Open circulatory systems

found in vertebrae such as insects. Blood flows freely among the body

closed circulatory systems

blood is contained within arteries veins and capillaries

label structure of the heart

describe the path of blood

1. body cells use oxygen so blood becomes deoxygenated

2. deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava

3. blood enters the right atrium

4. blood moves through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

5. the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs

6. in the lungs, blood picks up the oxygen and oxygenates the blood

7. oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins

8. blood enters the left atrium

9. it passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle

10. the left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to the rest of the body

11. oxygen is delivered throughout the body cells and repeats its cycle.

pulmonary circulation

takes place from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart

systemic circulation

takes place from the heart to the body parts and then back to the heart

pericardium

fibrous, has 2 layer visceral which is the inner layer and parietal pericardium (outer)

myocardium

middle/inner layer mostly cardiac muscle

atrium

receiving reservoir for blood to then return to the heart through the veins

Left: receives oxygen rich from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

Right: received oxygen poor blood from the body through the vena cava.

ventricles

2 ventricles, thick muscular lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart through the arteries (away)

Left: stronger, pumps blood throughout the whole body

right: pumps oxygen poor blood via pulmonary artery to the lungs

septum

separates the right and left sides of the heart

tricuspid

right valve allow only one way of blood flow

bicuspid (mitral)

left valve allow one way of blood flow

veins

carries blood back to the heart contains oxygen poor blood valves to keep blood from flowing backwards

capillaries

exchange of water, oxygen, co2, nutrients and waste products between blood and tissues. both oxygen rich blood and poor depending on location. Connects veins to arteries. tiny and thin

The cardiac cycle

Heart rate is controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla oblongata. Increases/decreases as a response to changes in homeostasis. Involves diastole and systole

EKG Electrocardiogram

records the electrical activity of the heart. Used to check abnormal heart activity of signs of heart damage.

Systole

top number. contraction of the heart chamber where blood is being pumped out of the ventricles into the arteries

diastole

relaxation phase that allows the heart to be filled up with blood

sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff)

medical device designed to measure blood pressure. Used to diagnose hypertension and monitor blood pressure levels.

atherosclerosis

deposits of fatty material such as cholesterol form of plaque in the arteries that leads to reduced blood flow (hardening of arteries)

hemophilia

blood does not clot properly due to deficient clotting factors leading to bruising and prolonged bleeding.

anemia

blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin causing reduced oxygen delivery to tissues resulting in fatigue pale skin and dizziness

hypertension

high blood pressure, the force within the arteries is too high.

heart attack

sudden blockage in the coronary artery stopping blood flow to the heart muscle. Caused by build up from cholesterol

stroke

blow flow to the brain is cut off

hemorrhagic: blood vessel breaks or leaks

schemic: blood vessel is blocked

red blood cells

transposrt oxygen and removes CO2

white blood cells

protect body against diseases, 5 types

plasma

mainly made up of water makes up 55% of blood cells

hemoglobin

combines with oxygen in red blood cells

platelets (thrombocytes)

blood clots and vessel repair

lymphocytes

main defense in immune system produces antibodies and makes up 30% of WBC

arteries

carries blood away from the heart usually has oxygen rich blood. thick walls because blood is pumped through hem with strong pressure from heart

humans have how much blood in them?

4-6 liters

average human adult heart rate/bpm

70 heart rate and 120/80 for bpm

what is the lub dub noise?

opening and closing of heart valves

swollen lymphnodes=

sore throat

universal recipient

AB+

universal donor

O-

function of blood

transport, protect, regulate body system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove water such as CO2