Mechanisms of Learning and Memory

A set of flashcards focused on the vocabulary and concepts related to mechanisms of learning and memory, extracted from the lecture notes.

Hebb's Rule

Memory results from synaptic modifications.

Molecular Mechanisms

Lead to synaptic plasticity.

Consolidation

The process where temporary changes become permanent through new gene expression and protein synthesis.

Sensory Experience

The initial storage phase of memory acquisition.

Distributed Memory Storage

A neural network model where no single neuron represents a specific memory.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

An increase in synaptic strength associated with memory formation.

Homosynaptic Long-Term Depression (LTD)

A decrease in the effectiveness of synaptic transmission following specific conditions.

BCM Theory

A framework explaining synaptic strength changes to facilitate learning, by setting variable thresholds.

NMDA Receptors

Glutamate-gated ion channels that conduct calcium ions and are involved in synaptic plasticity.

AMPA Receptors

Glutamate receptors that mediate fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system.

Perforant Pathway

Major neural pathway connecting the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus, crucial for memory formation.

Chronic Neuronal Activity

Leads to metaplasticity, adjusting rules of synaptic plasticity based on activity history.

Firing Rate Homeostasis

Keeps neuronal activity within a narrow range despite fluctuations in input.

Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity

Plasticity that is influenced by the timing of spikes between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

Synaptic Scaling

Adjusts synaptic strengths to maintain overall activity levels across neurons.

Phosphorylation

A process that modifies proteins but does not provide permanent memory consolidation.

Structural Plasticity

Involves the formation of new synapses associated with long-term memory.

Protein Kinases

Enzymes that play a crucial role in memory consolidation through phosphorylation.

Gene Expression

The process of converting genetic information into a functional product, necessary for memory consolidation.

Cortical Neurons

Neurons in the cortex that participate in higher-level brain functions and memory storage.

Synaptic Weights

The strength of synaptic connections that can change based on activity.

Graceful Degradation

A mechanism where memory persists despite damage to individual neurons.

Visual Area IT

An area in the brain associated with visual object recognition and memory.

Stimulus Selectivity

The property of neurons to respond preferentially to specific stimuli.

LTP and LTD Mechanisms

Bidirectional changes in synaptic strength based on activity patterns.

Activity-Dependent Plasticity

Changes in synaptic strength influenced by the history of synaptic activity.

Hippocampus

A brain region essential for memory formation and retrieval.

Memory Acquisition

The initial phase of acquiring information for storage.

Durable Storage

The phase where memories are stored for long periods.

Synaptic Homeostasis

Stability of synaptic responses to maintain effective learning.

Dendritic Spines

Small protrusions on neurons where synapses form, involved in structural plasticity.

Learning Mechanisms

Processes that lead to the retention of information over time.