EVERYTHING CELLS

Organelles

Specialized structures inside a cell that performs a specific job

All cells contain organelles

What does Cell membrane (plasma membrane) do for the cell?

Surrounds the cell and controls what enters/exits (selectively permeable)

Helps maintain homeostasis

What is cytoplasm and what happens there?

It’s a gel like fluid inside the cell where many chemical reactions occur

Surrounds cell structures

Helps move materials within the cell

Most of cells metabolism reactions occur here so it’s one of the busiest areas of the cell

What are ribosomes and what are they needed for?

Structures that build proteins and are needed for cell structure and function

Produce proteins from the DNA code

Made up of RNA and proteins

Build proteins using instructions from DNA

link amino acids together in specific order

What does genetic material (DNA) contain?

Contains instructions that tell cells how to grow function and reproduce

What are prokaryotic cells?

What are eucaryotic cells?

Complex cells.

have a nucleus

DNA enclosed in it (animal/plant cells)

Unicellular

Has one cell

Multicellular

Has multiple cells

Membrane bound organelles

Have a single or double membrane

Cytoskeleton

Provide support for the cell and its organelles

constantly changing

Assists and support movement and cell division

Helps move materials around the sound like a conveyor belt

Selectively permeable

It allows some substances to pass through while blocking others

Centrioles

Usually found in pairs

help organize microtubules

Play a key role in cell division

Assist, informing spindle fibres

Golgi apparatus

A stack of flattened membrane bound sacs

Has a receiving side and a shipping side

It modifies proteins and lipids received from ER

It sorts packages material into vesicles

Ships materials to their final destination inside/outside the cell

Lysosome

Small membrane bound, vesicle

Small sacks of enzymes that can break down macromolecules

Contains digestive enzymes that are surrounded by membrane

It breaks down waste materials, and worn out organelles

Recycles materials, so the silicon reuse them

Mitochondria

All eucaryotic cells have mitochondria

Contains its own DNA

Produces ATP the cells main energy molecules

Carries out cellular respiration to release energy from food

Inner membrane is folded, which provides a large surface area for molecules to be moved

Nucleus

Surrounded by nuclear membrane

Contains DNA

Includes region called the nucleolus

Stories genetic info (DNA)

Controls the cells activities

Rough ER

Connected to nuclear envelope

Covered with ribosomes on its surface, which makes it appear rough

It modifies and transports proteins made by ribosomes

Helps fold proteins into their correct shape

And send proteins to the Golgi apparatus for further processing

Small vacuoles

Found throughout cytoplasm

Store, water nutrients, and waste materials

Helps transport material within the cell

Assists in maintaining internal balance

Smooth ER

Doesn’t have ribosomes on its surface

Produces lipids

Helps detoxify harmful substances

Contains enzymes for making lipids and carbohydrates

Cell wall

Surrounds entire plant cell

Thick, rigid outer layer outside the cell membrane

Provides structural support and protect protection

Maintains the cells shape and prevents it from bursting

Chloroplast

One of the two organelles that maintain energy resources for the cell

Green doublemembrane bound organelle

Surrounded by double membrane

Contains chlorophyll (the green pigment)

It carries out photosynthesis

Converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

Provides food for the plant

Large central vacuole

Stores, water nutrients, and waste products

Help helps support the plants structure

Can take up to 80 to 90% of a plant cells volume

Capsule

In a prokaryotic cell

The sticky outer layer surrounding cell wall

Protect cell from drying out

Helps bacteria attached to surfaces

Flagellum

Long whip like tail extending from cell

Made of protein

Help helps cell move

Allows bacteria to swim towards nutrients

Nucleoid region

Region of the cytoplasm where DNA is

Irregularly shaped area within the cell

It stores the cells genetic info and directs protein production

Pili

Made of proteins

Short hair like projections on the cell surface

Helps bacteria attached to surfaces or other cells

Aids in colonization infection and reproduction

Nucleolus

A smaller denser portion of the nucleus that manufactures ribosomes

Vacuoles

Store water and nutrients for the cell

Animal cells have several — plant cells have one central vacuole

Microtubules

One of the three types of fibres that the cytoskeleton is made out of of

Hollow fibres that can grow and shrink to change the shape of a cell

They serve as tracks to move, organelles and form Cilia and flagella which cause cell movement

Ribosomes

Produce proteins from the DNA code

Free ribosomes

Freely floating in cytoplasm

Bound ribosomes

Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum

Attached to the nuclear envelope

There are two kinds of this

Microfilaments

Thin fibres that maintain the cell shape

Intermediate filaments

Anchor the organelles in place

Which two organelles have double membranes?

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

Hydrophilic

The water loving part of the phospholipid (head)

Hydrophobic

The water fearing part of the phospholipid (tail)

Carbohydrates

Helps mark the cell

cholesterol

Provides membrane stability

Passive transport

One of the two basic ways substances move through the membrane

This way does not require energy

Example- diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

Active transport

Another way substances move through the membrane

This one does require energy

Example- exocytosis, endocytosis, molecular transport, and bulk transport

Diffusion

The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Unlike osmosis:

Does not require a membrane

The movement of any type of molecule (osmosis= water)

Equilibrium

The state at which the concentration of solute is the same throughout the solution

Facilitated diffusion

The passive transport with the help of two proteins

These are channel proteins and carrier proteins

Channel proteins

Allow charged or larger molecules to flow through the membrane

Carrier proteins

Change shape to transport specific molecules across the membrane

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

Aquaporins

In a cell channel proteins called aquaporins move water across the cell membrane

Tonicity

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Three types of solutions

Isotonic

Type of solution, where the amount of solute is the same inside and outside the cell

Hypertonic

Type of cell where the environment has higher amount of solute than the cell does

The water will flow out of the cell towards the environment because “solute sucks”

Hypotonic

The amount of solute outside is lower than inside

So water will flow into the cell

“Solute sucks”

Wherever there is more of solute, the water will be sucked to that area

Active transport

Uses energy to move substances in or out of the cell

There are two types of active transport known as protein pumps, and bulk transport

Protein pumps

Allow substances to move from low concentration to high concentration

Bulk transport

Moving large molecules or clumps of large molecules in and out of the cell

Endocytosis

Using vesicles to move very large substances into the cell

Exocytosis

Using vesicles to move very large substances out of the cell

Homeostasis

The relatively constant internal conditions required for survival

ATP

Stands for adenosine triphosphate

It’s like the energy currency for cells because it can store and transport energy from one location to another

Autotroph

Can make their own food from sunlight (photosynthesis)

Heterotroph

Need to consume other organisms for food

Chlorophyll

A pigment found in chloroplast, which is where photosynthesis reactions occur

Pigments

Absorb some colours of light energy and reflect others

Process of photosynthesis divided into two major sections

Light dependent reactions and light independent reactions

Equation for photosynthesis

6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O(water) + light ——> (chlorophyll) C6 H12 06 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen)

Light dependent reactions

Occur in the thylakoids of the chloroplast

Take in light and water give off oxygen and send ATP and NADPH to the light independent reactions

Light is collected by two photosystems which are a combination of chlorophyll, pigments and specialized proteins

Photo systems

Collect sunlight and use it to energize electrons which move through various molecules, releasing energy as they go

Electron transport chain

After the photosystems

as energy is given off by the electrons It is stored as ATP

Photolysis

H2O molecules are broken apart in this process

Light independent reactions

Occur in the stroma of the chloroplast

This process is also called the Calvin cycle

Convert carbon dioxide into glucose in the Calvin cycle

They do not require sunlight

Cellular respiration

Processed by which all organisms breakdown glucose to gradually produce energy in the form of ATP

Equation for cellular respiration

C6 H12 C6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen) ——> 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O + energy

Three major steps of cellular respiration

1) glycolysis (location=cytoplasm)

2) the Krebs cycle (location= mitochondria)

3) the electron transport chain (ETC) (location= mitochondria)

Aerobic respiration

If oxygen is available to the cell, all three steps of cellular respiration will occur yielding about 36 ATP

Anaerobic respiration

If oxygen is not available to the cell glycolysis will be followed by a fermentation process, yielding only 2 ATP

Krebs cycle

Pyruvic acid breaks down, releasing CO2, ATP and high energy electrons

The electrons travel to the ETC on FAD and NAD+