unit 1 and 2 vacob

maize

Corn; a major Native American crop that supported population growth and complex societies.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, people, and goods between the Americas and Old World.

Encomienda system

Spanish system granting colonists Native labor in exchange for protection and Christian instruction.

Mestizo

A person of mixed European, especially Spanish, and Indigenous American ancestry.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spanish priest who criticized abuse of Native Americans and argued for their humane treatment.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

— uprising led by Popé that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico for about 12 years.

Joint-Stock Company

Business funded by investors who shared risks and profits; helped finance English colonies.

House of Burgesses

Virginia's elected representative assembly, established in 1619.

Headright System

Virginia system granting 50 acres land to people who paid for an immigrant's passage to the colony.

Indentured Servitude

Labor system in which people worked for several years in exchange for passage to America.

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Virginia uprising of frontier settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley’s policies for native americans.

Mayflower Compact

1620 agreement by Pilgrims to form a government based on majority rule.

John Winthrop — “City Upon a Hill”

Puritan leader who envisioned Massachusetts Bay as a model Christian community.

Puritan

a member of a radical English Protestant group that migrated to New England in the 1620s and 1630s to build a society based strictly on their religious beliefs

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island who supported religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter banished from Massachusetts for challenging religious authorities. went to rhode island

Maryland Toleration Act (1649)

Law granting religious toleration to Christians in Maryland, especially protecting Catholics.

King Philip’s War / Metacom’s War

1675–1676 conflict between New England colonists and Native groups led by Metacom.

Mercantilism

Economic system in which colonies supplied resources and markets to benefit the mother country.

Navigation Acts

English laws requiring colonial trade to benefit England and use English or colonial ships.

Triangular Trade

Atlantic trading network linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas through goods and enslaved labor.

Middle Passage

Brutal Atlantic voyage that forcibly transported enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Major South Carolina slave uprising in which enslaved people attempted to escape toward Spanish Florida.

Salutary Neglect / Benign Neglect

British policy of loosely enforcing colonial trade laws, allowing greater colonial self-government. The king’s neglect is not harming the people

Dominion of New England

British attempt to unite northern colonies under stronger royal control in the 1680s.

Half-Way Covenant

Puritan policy allowing partial church membership for children of baptized but unconverted members.

William Penn — “Holy Experiment”

Quaker founder of Pennsylvania who promoted religious tolerance and representative government.

First Great Awakening

1730s–1740s religious revival stressing emotional faith, personal conversion, and individual choice.

George Whitefield

Popular Great Awakening preacher known for emotional sermons throughout the colonies.

Jonathan Edwards

Great Awakening minister known for powerful sermons emphasizing human sin and dependence on God.

Transatlantic Print Culture

Spread of books, newspapers, pamphlets, and ideas across the Atlantic world.