Human Geo Final Exam

Whats a state

a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government (recognized by other states)

Whats a territory

the area under jurisdiction of a government

What is citizenship

A native or naturalized person granted rights to remain in a given territory

Rights vary from government to government

• liberal democracy (US)- limits the government from incurring on the individual, protects private property

• Communism (soviet union)- guaranteed right to housing, right to a job (mandated by law)

Under International law states are…

Sovereign and have the right to defend their territorial integrity against incursion from other states

What is Sovereignty

a recognized right to control a territory both politically and militarily

What is key to sovereignty

monopoly on violence

What is a boundary between states

vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above dividing one state from another

What are geometric boundaries

boundary drawn using grid system such as latitude and longitude or township and range

What are physical political boundaries

boundary that follows an agreed upon feature in the natural landscape

What are Maritime boundaries

The legal division of ocean space between countries established in 1994 by the United Nations Convention on law of seas

what are the different types of maritime boundaries

Territorial seas

contiguous zone

Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

Beyond the EEZ of all countries is international waters, and is considered the common heritage of humanity

What is territorial seas

an extension of a countries land from 0-12 nautical miles

a country has full control here

What is the contiguous zone

Country doesn’t have full ownership of this area but some control (12-24 nautical miles)

What are exclusive economic zones

Countries control natural resources here (up to 200 nautical miles

What are borders

political boundaries typically defined in treaty like documents

Who delimit boarders on maps

Cartographers

How far does the US boarder zone extend

100 miles from actual boarders

Where does the modern state system originates

the feudal system of Europe

What is the feudal system

a political system defined by elaborate systems to tribute

key to this system is serf lord relationships

lord controlled a manor; serfs were bound to the land by customary law

Serfs worked the land and paid tribute to the lord for protection

What was the 1st wave of European Colonialism (modern state system continued)

Britain, France, and the Netherlands expansion to the Americas and the coast of Africa

How did the 1st wave expand/change the feudal system from Europe

• The Hacienda system in New Spain

• Plantation economy – chattel slavery instead of serfs

• Mercantile economy – government administered economy that controlled colonies (government and economic production) and protected home industries

What is the treaty of Westphalia 1648 (modern state system continued)

Established defined borders for early European proto-states

Concluded the 30 year war

Encouraged states to engage in international diplomacy

Seen as the beginning of the modern state system

European colonization of the Americas then Asia and Africa helped spread this system around the globe

What is the 2nd wave colonialism (modern state system continued)

American and french revolutions disrupted American Colonization, as did the decline of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the 18th and 19th century

By the mid-19th century France and Britain had continued to colonize significant portions of the globe

Where did France and England continue to colonize

France- Much of Northwest Africa, particularly Algeria, and parts of Southeast Asia like Vietnam

England- Formally colonized India, establishing the British Raj in 1858, as well as significant colonies in Africa (Nigeria, South Africa)

Whats was the Berlin Conference 1884

Major European powers, particularly France, England, Germany, Portugal, Belgium and others, met up to divide Africa

No representation from Africa were at the conference

What are Nations

a group of people with a sense of cultural connection and a shared identity that is attached to a territory

Why are nations imagined communities

Imagined because one will never meet all of the people in the nation

Community because individuals see themselves as part of the larger nation

When did the national movement take hold across the globe

1848 Europe revolutions

South America against Spanish and Portuguese rule 19th century

Japan and China late 19th early 20th century

India19th early 20th century

Africa after WWII

What is Multinational state

a state with more than one nation inside its borders (basically every state)

Whats a Multistate nation

when a nation stretches across borders and across states

Stateless Nations

Nations that do not have a state (Kurdistan)

What is an unrecognized state

states that function as states but are not formally states because they are not recognized by the majority of other states

Examples of unrecognized states

Transnistria – Moldova

• Nagorno Karabakh – Azerbaijan

• South Ossetia – Georgia

• Turkish Republic of Cyprus – Cyprus

• People's Republic of China (Mainland China) -

Republic of China (Taiwan)

• Kosovo - Serbia

What are the two examples of geopolitics

The German school and the British/American School

Explain the German School

Tried to explain why certain states were powerful and how they became powerful

Fredrick Ratzel came up with idea but influenced by Darwin

States resembles a biological organism which needs living space (lebensraum) whose life cycle extends from birth through maturity and ultimately decline and death

Explain the British/ American School

Sir Halford J. Mackinder and Heartland theory

Hypothesized that land based powers would eventually control the world

Eastern Europe, because of its location between Middle East, Russia and Central Asia, and Western Europe was Crucial

• Eastern European Heartland was the geographic Pivot of History because of its location

Major influences on European policy during the Cold War

What is Lebensraum

core concept in Nazi Germanys justification to invade Europe, and to commit a genocide against jews, Roma, homosexuals, and disabled people

What is Unilateralism

One country in a position of dominance with other countries following its lead

Whats a Supranational organization

an institution created by three or more states to promote cooperation (Ex: United nations, and World trade Organization)

What are some regional supranational organizations and explain

European Union- economic and trading block of 27 member states in Europe

African Union- Economic and trading block of 55 member states in Africa (Founded 2001)

ASEAN( Association of Southeast Asian Nations)- the ASEAN Charter signed in 2008 in Indonesia, has an EU like political and economic union, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, loas, Malaysia, Myanmar Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, vietnam

What are Unitary governments

Centralized states whose administrative framework is designed to ensure the central governments authority over all parts of the state

What are Federal systems

divides territory into regions, substates, provinces, or cantons that exercise significant control over their own affairs

What is devolution

the transfer of power downward from the central government to region governments within a state, or government at lower scales

What is reapportionment

the process by which districts are changed according to population shifts

What is Voter suppression

Denying minorities voting rights, closing registrars, intimidation

One way to suppress votes is by "splitting" a minority population among multiple districts, ensuring the white population holds the majority in each district

Voting Rights Act of 1965, amended in 1982 to outlaw this practice

States increased the number of majority-minority districts to increase representation of minority constituents in Congress

What is gerrymandering

the practice of redistricting to give a disproportionate political advantage to one party over another

Wisconsin, North carolina- gerrymandered to favor republican party

new york, maryland- gerrymandered to favor democratic oarty

Culture

a belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people

Folk culture

small, incorporates a homogenous population typically rural and maintains cultural traits by passing them down through generations

Popular culture

Large, incorporates heterogenous populations typically urban and changes rapidly

local culture

a group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective community, who share experiences and traits, and who work to preserve distinct customs in order to claim uniqueness and distinguish themselves from others

Distance decay

distance factors into how much two cultures interact, The further the distance the less likely cultures will share similar traits and vis versa

Time space compression

advances in transportation and communication technologies decrease time space Ex: journey from London to New York Boat: 1 month Plane: 7.5 hours

How has globalization changed popular culture

globalization has accelerated the spread of popular culture. American movies, TV, and more are consumed all over the world along with Japanese and Korean music, film and comics being consumed in the US

Reterritorialization

a process in which people start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and place

Cultural hegemony

the enforcement of the norms and customs of the dominate culture, values, and language through education, housing, and religious institutions

Assimilation

when a minority group loses distinct culture traits such as dress food, or speech, and adopts the customs of the dominant culture

intersectionality

overlap or interconnection between social identities such as race, gender, class, and sexuality

class

A person’s economic background

Gender

a cultures assumptions about the difference between men, women, and third+ genders their characters the roles they play in society what they represent

Sex

the biological anatomical differences between a person at birth

-sex is not just male/female some people have various configurations of chromosomes

gender identity

ones innermost concept of self as female, male, a blend of both or neither

Gender expression

external appearance of ones gender identity usually expressed through behavior, haircut or voice and which may or may not conform to socially defined behaviors/ appearance associated with being masculine or feminine

Gender roles

how others in society expect us to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex

Queer space

space that is carved out by sexual minorities

race

socially constructed, symbolic and cultural meanings that we attach to a persons physical and sometimes audible features such as hair color eye shape and accent

Ethnicity

identifying groups based on common ancestry and perceived commonalities in language religion and culture

residential segregation

the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another within an urban area

Ethnic enclaves

a voluntary clustering of people of an ethnic group in a specific locality, area, or neighborhood