U.S. History part II - Jackson - Depression

NYSCT CST 115 Social Studies part II

Andrew Jackson

7th president

common man from Nashville, TN

Won by popular vote

Jacksonian Democracy

shifted power from wealthy elites to the “common man”

The significance of Jacksonian Democracy (3)

1. expanded voting rights to most white men

2. promoted limited government

3. “spoils system” - to reward political supporters with gov’t jobs

Jackson is known for these things (4)

1. Native Amer. removal

2. Opposed the nat’l bank (first time a veto was used against the other 2 branches)

3. Nullification Proclamation

4. Universal white male voting

McCulloch v. Maryland

Ruled that Congress DID have the power to create a National Bank

The Necessary & Proper Clause

allows Congress to make laws required to exercise its powers granted from the Constitution (Article 1)

(aka Elastic Clause)

The Indian Removal Act (1830)

Forced removal of N. Amer tribes from ancestral lands to land west of the Mississippi Rvr

Reason for the Indian Removal Act

the desire to open up fertile lands for white settlement & to expand cotton cultivation

Consequence of the Indian Removal Act

displacement and suffering of thousands of Native Americans, particularly the Five Civilized Tribes

(Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, & Seminole)

The Nullification Proclamation (1832)

declared that states can’t ignore federal laws or break away from the Union

Pontiac’s War (1763)

led a rebellion against British forces in the Great Lakes region

The Cherokee v Georgia (1831)

Cherokee Nation sued the state of Georgia to block laws that stripped them of their rights and forced them off their land

C.J. Marshall ruled that the Cherokee were an independent Nation residing in the state of Georgia.

Cherokee were still subject to federal laws. 

Trail of Tears (1830s)

Even when the Supreme Court ruled that states could not seize tribal lands, President Jackson and Georgia ignored the ruling.

Jackson used Military force to round up N.Amer and march them shackled across the Mississippi Rvr

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Thomas Jefferson negotiated the purchase of a large area of land from France

doubled the size of the U.S. with complete control of Mississippi Rvr

Lewis & Clark Expedition

hired by Jefferson to explore new territory

Mexican-American War (1846 - 1848)

Pres. Polk - United States entered its first war

U.S. & Mexico

The U.S wanted Texas, and Mexico didn’t

They fought over the boundary

Polk sent troops into disputed zone, fight happened, and Polk declared war

Outcomes of the Mexican-American War (2)

Rio Grande declared the boundary

Mexico surrendered 55% land mass for$15 mil

Significance of the Mexican-American War

prelude to the Civil War over the fight for and against slavery in new states

Homestead Act of 1862

People could claim a piece of territory in new land, farm it, improve the land, and become landowners

Manifest Destiny (1845)

cultural belief that the United States had rights & was destined to spread its core beliefs to new lands in the West.

Daniel Boone

Frontiersman who helped establish the 1st settlement west of Appalachian Mtns

Famous for exploring/settling Kentucky

Reasons Chinese emigrated to the U.S (4)

1. Taiping Rebellion

2. Opium Wars

3. Work on railroads

4. Work in gold mines

Reasons Irish emigrated to the U.S (2)

1. Great Potato Famine

2. working on the railroad

3 goals of Manifest Destiny

1. U.S. destined by God to gain territory

2. Spread capitalism

3. Spread Democracy

Technological innovations of Manifest Destiny (2)

1. Transcontinental Railroad

2. Telegram

Reasons the Civil War was fought (3)

1. sectionalism

2. states rights

3. slavery

William Lloyd Garrison

an abolitionist

1. founded an anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator (1831)

2. co-founded the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)

3. believed women were equal

the Grimke Sisters

• first female speakers for the American Anti-Slavery Society

• wealthy white women born into slave-owning family in the South

• both sisters rejected their family's wealth, moved north to Philadelphia & became Quakers

Harriet Tubman

Escaped slavery in Maryland & led the Underground Railroad

The Missouri Compromise (1820)

To prevent a civil war over whether the new state of Missouri was allowed to be a slave state or not, Congress agreed to a three-part compromise:

• Missouri entered as a slave state.

• Maine entered as a free state (by splitting away from Massachusetts), which kept the voting balance in the Senate perfectly tied at 12 to 12.

• The 36°30′ Line was drawn. An imaginary line was cut across the remaining western territories. Slavery was banned north of this line but allowed south of it.

Jefferson predicted it would destroy the country

the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Repealed the Missouri Compromise.

Allowed states to vote on slavery themselves.

This sparked violent conflict & led directly toward the Civil War.

Compromise of 1850

5 separate bills passed by Congress to defuse a major political crisis over California wanting to be a free state.

The 5 bills in the Compromise of 1850

• California entered as a free state

• The Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened

• Popular Sovereignty for Utah & New Mexico. The people living in these newly created territories would vote on whether to allow slavery themselves.

• Slave trade was banned in Washington, D.C. While people could still own slaves in the nation's capital, buying and selling human beings there became illegal.

• Texas border dispute settled. Texas gave up its western territorial claims to New Mexico in exchange for $10 million to pay off its national debt

3 Significances of the Compromise of 1850

• Delayed the Civil War

• Fueled the abolitionist movement.

• Collapse of the Whig Party: The fighting over the deal destroyed the Whig political party, giving rise to the anti-slavery Republican Party.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

• Forced northern states to capture & return runaway slaves

• Denied Afr. Amer. the right to legal defense

3 Significances of the Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

1. All Afr. Amer. were at risk for being kidnaped & forced into slavery

2. Northerners were not happy to be forced slave catchers

3. The Underground Railroad had to get to Canada to be really free

The Second Great Awakening

the morality of slavery

Charles Sumner

wealthy, highly educated white statesman from Massachusetts.

He became a powerful U.S. Senator & the leader of the Radical Republicans, a faction dedicated to destroying slavery.

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave went to become a brilliant author, speaker, and the most famous Black abolitionist in American history.

The “crime against Kansas” speech

The Caning of Charles Sumner (1856): After delivering a fierce anti-slavery speech in the Senate, Sumner was brutally beaten unconscious with a cane by a Southern congressman

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

4-day slave uprising in Virginia

Led by an enslaved preacher named Nat Turner, it was the most significant & violent slave revolt in United States history

3 significances from the Nat Turner Rebellion

1. White retaliation against blacks

2. South passes stricter laws to prevent revolts

3. Stronger Southern commitment to preserve slavery

Types of resistance to slavery (7)

1. Underground Railroad

2. Rebellion / Revolts

3. Sabotaging the work

4. Secret messages/meetings

5. Self-Emancipation

6. Legal attempts

7. Cultural preservation

1850s economy of the North

Industry

Large cities

immigrant labor

1850s economy of the South

Agriculture

Rural, few cities

Slave labor

Bleeding Kansas (1854-59)

a small-scale civil war fought between pro-slavery & anti-slavery settlers over whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state.

Harper’s Ferry Raid

Abolitionist John Brown led an attack on the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry with a plan to make a stronghold of free slaves in MD & VA

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Supreme Court case that ruled Black Americans could never be citizens & that Congress had no power to ban slavery in U.S. territories.

Effect of the Dredd Scott case

The decision angered the North & pushed the country directly into the Civil War.

The election of Abraham Lincoln (1860)

• candidate for the NEW Republican party

• opposed slavery expansion

• 16th President

• Southern states ceded 3 months later

Leaders of the Confederacy (2)

President Jefferson Davis

General Robert E Lee

Leaders of the Union (2)

President Abraham Lincoln

General Ulysses S Grant

The advantages of the Union in the Civil War (3)

• population

• railroad building

• Manufacturing (factories)

The advantages of the Confederacy in the Civil War (3)

• Strong military tradition

• well trained soldiers

• united identity & purpose

Battle of Fort Sumter (1861)

First battle of the Civil War

Where Confederate troops fired on federal troops, effectively starting the Civil War.

Southern states that had not yet ceded did so after this battle. 

Civil War Draft Riots

Caused by the Enrollment Act

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

• freed all slaves in America

• not recognized by the Southern states

• Freed slaves in the North rapidly joined the Union army. 

Battle of Gettysburg, PA (1863)

up to 60% of Confederate soldiers fighting that day dying

The person who orchestrated the Capture of Atlanta (1864)

General William T Sherman 

The effect of the Capture of Atlanta (1864) (2)

• boosted Northern morale

• played a crucial role in Lincoln's re-election later that year

March to the Sea (1864)

• Sherman led his troops on a campaign from Atlanta to Savannah

• aimed to cut off Confederate supply lines & weaken their ability to wage war.

• The destruction of infrastructure & resources along the way made a significant impact.

What military approach was Gen. Sherman executing?

Total war

Appomattox Court House Surrender (1865)

General Lee surrenders

Lincoln Assassination (1865)

• Just after General Lee’s surrender and on the brink of Union victory

• John Wilkes Booth killed President Lincoln at Ford’s Theater. 

The role of African Americans in the Civil War. (3)

• They escaped to the North & often joined the Union Army when policies allowed

• black men fought for their freedom

• African Americans' contributions helped shift public opinion & eventually led to the end of slavery in the United States.

The role of Women in the Civil War. (4)

• jobs of nurses, clerks, spies, & soldiers

The person called the “Angel of the Battlefield”

Clara Barton

What is Clara Barton the founder of?

the American Red Cross during the Civil War.

Who provided financial resources, equipment, and supplies to the Union Army?

Northern businessmen

Who were the Copperheads?

The northern & mid-west Anti-War Democrats

They believed the war was a threat to civil liberties & the constitution

Sharecropping

system where freedmen worked land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops

The negative consequence of sharecropping

This system often trapped Afr. Amer. in cycles of debt and limited economic mobility

The economic changes in the North caused by the Civil War (2)

• increased industrialization

• a more diverse economy

The economic changes in the South caused by the Civil War (2)

• need to rebuild infrastructure

• adapt to new labor systems

The Battle of Palmito Ranch , TX (1865)

• The final battle of the war

• came 1 month after the unofficial surrender of the South

13th Ammendment

1865

Abolished Slavery

14th Ammendment

1868

Gave full citizenship to all former slaves & anyone born in U.S.

*Created due to fear future Congress would repeal the Civil Rights Act of 1866*

15th Ammendment

1870

The right for all (male) citizens to vote (no race)

The Reconstruction years

1865-1877

The president during the Reconstruction

Pres. Andrew Johnson

Reconstruction

a plan to reintegrate the Southern states & the newly freed people (about 4 million) into the Union

What happened to abandoned or confiscated land from the Civil War?

It was redistributed to the newly freed former slaves

The Freedman’s Bureau

Created by Congress to help settle the formerly enslaved on land & to build schools, houses, hospitals

Black Codes

Restricted black voting & labor rights

Why was A. Johnson chosen for Vice President to Lincoln?

• National Unity

• To reward his loyalty for not being willing to secede with his state when the war began

• He was a Democrat that supported the Union

Why was A. Johnson impeached? (3)

1. his hands-off approach to Reconstruction in the South

2. his aggressive veto use

3. He defied the Tenure of Office Act

Tenure of Office Act

limited the Pres. ability to remove certain government officials without Senate approval

Thaddeus Stevens

a Radical Republican Congressman from Pennsylvania during the Reconstruction era.

He believed in punishing the Southern states for secession & fought for more aggressive Reconstruction policies that would ensure political & civil rights for freed slaves.

The Reconstruction Act of 1867

Divided the South into 5 military zones to be overseen by Northern soldiers

carpetbaggers

a derogatory term for an opportunistic Northerner who moved to the South to take advantage

scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who supported the Republican Party & federal Reconstruction policies after the Civil War

The Compromise of 1877

an unwritten political deal that settled the 1876 election.

Southern Democrats allowed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to become president in exchange for Republicans pulling the last federal troops out of the South, effectively ending the Reconstruction Era.

Jim Crow Laws

laws that legalized segregation