PSYCHOPATHOLOGY (Exam 2)

What are the three symptom categories of schizophrenia?

Positive, negative, and cognitive

What are positive symptoms?

Abnormal behaviors that are gained

Examples of positive symptoms?

Hallucinations and delusions

What are negative symptoms?

Loss of normal functions

Examples of negative symptoms?

Reduced emotion and motivation

What are cognitive symptoms?

Problems with memory, attention, and thinking

Is schizophrenia highly heritable?

Yes

What is the concordance rate for identical twins with schizophrenia?

About 50%

What is the concordance rate for fraternal twins with schizophrenia?

About 17%

What brain structure is enlarged in schizophrenia?

Lateral ventricles

What is hypofrontality?

Reduced frontal lobe activity

What neurotransmitter is central to the dopamine hypothesis?

Dopamine

What do first-generation antipsychotics block?

D2 dopamine receptors

What neurotransmitter does clozapine mainly block?

Serotonin

What is depression?

A mood disorder involving persistent sadness and loss of interest

Common symptoms of depression?

Low mood, fatigue, sleep changes, appetite changes

What is learned helplessness?

Giving up after repeated uncontrollable stress

What neurotransmitter is linked to learned helplessness?

Serotonin

What brain region shows increased activity in depression?

Amygdala

What brain region receives less blood flow in depression?

Attention-related areas

What is the goal of antidepressants?

Increase neurotransmitter levels

What do MAO inhibitors do?

Prevent monoamine breakdown

What do tricyclic antidepressants do?

Block monoamine reuptake

What do SSRIs do?

Block serotonin reuptake

What is ECT?

Electroconvulsive therapy

What is rTMS?

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

What is DBS?

Deep brain stimulation

What is CBT?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

What does CBT help change?

Negative thoughts and behaviors

What is bipolar disorder?

Alternating periods of depression and mania

What is mania?

An abnormally elevated or expansive mood

What brain changes occur in bipolar disorder?

Enlarged ventricles and reduced gray matter

What is the primary treatment for bipolar disorder?

Lithium

What must be monitored during lithium treatment?

Blood levels due to toxicity risk

What are anxiety disorders?

Disorders involving excessive fear and worry

What is a phobia?

An irrational fear of an object or situation

What is panic disorder?

Repeated intense panic attacks

What is GAD?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

What brain region is overactive in anxiety?

Amygdala

What brain region is underactive in anxiety?

vmPFC

What does the vmPFC normally do?

Suppress amygdala activity

What are benzodiazepines used to treat?

Anxiety

How do benzodiazepines work?

Enhance GABA activity

Can SSRIs treat anxiety?

Yes

What is PTSD?

A disorder caused by traumatic experiences

Common PTSD symptoms?

Flashbacks, memory problems, hypervigilance

What brain structure is smaller in PTSD?

Hippocampus

What treatments are commonly used for PTSD?

CBT and SSRIs

What is OCD?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

What are obsessions?

Persistent unwanted thoughts