APWH Unit 5: Enlightenment, Revolutions, and Industrialization

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Enlightenment era, global political revolutions, the phases of the Industrial Revolution, and various social/economic movements from Unit 5.

Enlightenment

New shifts in ideology emphasizing reason over tradition and individualism over community values to improve society through human accomplishment.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of property, and can rebel against unjust governments via the social contract.

Thomas Hobbes

Argued that life was bleak and harsh, leading people to give up rights to a strong government for law and order via the social contract.

Baron Montesquieu

Advocated for the idea of checks and balances through the separation of branches of government.

Voltaire

Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas centered on the importance of religious liberty.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Introduced the idea that people have a collective ‘General Will’ which the government is obligated to follow.

Adam Smith

Called for laissez-faire (governments ‘leave alone’ the economy), which served as the foundation for capitalism.

Thomas Paine

Advocated for liberty from Britain and wrote in defense of Deism.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argued that females should receive the same education as males to achieve rights and equality.

American Revolution

A conflict where colonists, with French help, defeated the British in $1783$ to gain independence using John Locke’s ideals.

Creole Revolutions

Movements led by those of European ancestry born in the Americas against Spanish rule, leading to the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Simon Bolivar

Key leader in the Latin American revolutions who wrote the Jamaica Letter and sought a unified Gran Colombia.

Caudillos

Strong local leaders in post-independence Latin America who often ignored the rule of law.

Haitian Revolution

An uprising of slaves and Maroons against France, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines, resulting in the first independent Latin American country.

Abolitionism

The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people.

Capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.

Conservatism

A belief in traditional institutions that favors practical experience over theoretical ideas.

Deism

The belief that a divine being set natural laws into motion but humans retain free will, with scientific study helping to understand those laws.

Empiricism

The theory that knowledge comes from sensory observation and experiments rather than faith or religion alone.

Feminism

The movement seeking rights and equality for women.

Nationalism

Intense loyalty to others who share a language or culture, often leading to the desire for an independent nation.

Socialism

An economic and political system where the means of production are owned by the public or the workers.

Zionism

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland in the Middle East to be safe from persecution.

Propaganda Movement

A movement in the Philippines led by Jose Rizal that used publications to advocate for independence from Spain.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution where the government executed thousands of opponents, including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

Napoleon Bonaparte

General who took over and declared himself emperor of France in $1804$ after the French Revolution.

New Zealand Wars

Conflicts between the British and the Maori tribes (Polynesians) after British annexation in $1840$.

Realpolitik

The ‘practical politics of reality’ used by Count di Cavour and Otto von Bismarck to achieve unification.

Ottomanism

A movement to create a modern, unified state by minimizing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the Ottoman Empire.

First Industrial Revolution

A shift in the $18^{th}$ and early $19^{th}$ centuries characterized by textiles, steam power, and iron.

Second Industrial Revolution

A shift in the late $19^{th}$ and early $20^{th}$ centuries characterized by steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

Spinning Jenny

Invention by James Hargreaves in the $1760s$ that helped weavers spin faster.

Water Frame

Invented by Richard Arkwright in $1769$, it used waterpower to drive a spinning wheel and led to the factory system.

Interchangeable Parts

Eli Whitney's $1798$ invention allowing machine components to be replaced, leading to the specialization of labor and the assembly line.

Enclosure movement

A process in Britain where land was fenced off, causing population migration from rural to urban areas.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A Russian infrastructure project designed to connect commercial and industrial areas to facilitate trade with East Asia.

Meiji Restoration

The $1868$ event where Japan overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor to begin Western-style reforms while protecting its culture.

Bessemer Process

A technique introduced in $1856$ that allowed for the efficient production of steel.

Muhammad Ali

Ruler of Egypt who enacted modern reforms including state-sponsored industrialization and military modernization.

Corporations

Business entities chartered by the government and owned by stockholders to minimize risk for manufacturers.

Monopoly

The control of a specific business and elimination of all competition by a single corporation.

Cult of domesticity

A status symbol where a woman staying at home indicated the husband earned enough money to support the family.

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers that advocate for the right to bargain for better wages, hours, and safer conditions.

Utilitarianism

Philosophy advocated by John Stuart Mill seeking ‘the greatest good for the greatest number of people’ through legal reforms.

Karl Marx

Scholar who argued capitalism divided society into the proletariat (working class) and bourgeoisie (middle class/owners).

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman reorganization efforts aimed at fixing corruption, expanding education, and creating new legal codes.

Self Strengthening Movement

A late $19^{th}$-century Chinese reform effort to establish Western-style industrial and commercial systems.