Biology Anatomy Grade 11

Digestive system

Intercellular Digestion

• Occurs inside the cells

• Found in single-cell organisms

Extracellular Digestion

• occurs outside the cells

• found in mammals

Mechanical Digestion

• Physically breaking down the food via chewing or mashing

What are the two examples of mechanical digestion

• teeth

• stomach churning via rugae

Chemical Digestion

• Chemically breaking down food via enzymes

What are three examples of chemical digestion

mouth - saliva

stomach - digestive acids

Small intestine - juices from the pancreas and enzymes from the linning

Epiglottis

Prevents food from entering the trachea

Peristalsis

muscle contractions that push food through the digestive system

Ingestion

process of taking in food

Digestion

breaking down food

Absorption

Absorbing nutrients

Egestion

waste leaving the body

Esophageal sphincter

The doorway to the stomach also prevents acids from going up

Pyloric sphincter

Exist from the stomach to the small intestine

Four layers of the stomach

Serosa

Muscularis

Submucosa

Mucosa

Carbohydrates

Simple sugars

Proteins

amino acids

Lipids

fatty acids

Glycerol

simple sugars

Ville

Covered in capillaries, they absorb nutrients and allow them to flow through the blood stream

Duodenum

• first step after small intestine

• recieves bile to break down fats

Jejunum

absorb nutrients

Ileum

compacts soon to be waste

Large intestine

absorbs water and compacts further to be pushed into the rectum

Pancreas

regulates blood sugar levels

releases digestive enzymes

Liver

produces bile

stores glycogen

Enzymes

Specific proteins break down specific nutrients for proper absorption

Carbohydrase

carbs

Proteinases

proteins

Lipases

Lipids

Hemostasis

• Larger-volume foods break down faster

• fatter food take time to break down

Constipation

• infrequent poops

• poops become hard dry and small

• caused by lack of physical activities and water

Peptic Ulcer

• sore in the lining of the stomach

• caused by bacteria entering the stomach and preventing protective mucus’s from working

• antibiotics can be used to kill bacteria and medicine for cramps

• stomach pain and loss of appetite

Gerd

• When stomach acid goes up the esophagus

• heartburn, indigestion

• Caused by a bad esophageal sphincter

• Dietary changes and acid neutralizers

Hepitius A

• contracted through drinking water

• Vaccine

Hepititus B

• Contracted through sexual activities

• Vaccine

Hepititus C

• Contracted through sexual activities

• No vaccine

Type 1 Diabetes (juvenile Diabetes)

• Immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

Type 2 Diabetes

• Insulin receptors stop responding, or the pancreas produces less insulin

Crohn’s Disease

• Autoimmune Disease

• Effect anywhere on digestive track Mouth to anus

Ulcerative Colitis

• Effects the colon causing bloody poops

• Doctors can surgically remove colon and create a new butt hole