BIOL171 XAM FINALE

the copying of DNA code into mRNA for the production of proteins

transcription

the assembly of proteins by ribosomes in the cell that “read” RNA orders

translation

in _______, mRNA is immediately translated into protein as soon as it is produced

prokaryotes

in______ cells, the nuclear envelope of the nucleus separates steps of transcription from translation

eukaryotic

What is first modified through RNA processing in the nucleus to make a finished mRNA that exists the cytoplasm ?

Eukaryotic RNA

what is the flow of information from gene to protein based on?

triplet code

____ ____ is the simplest system that can distinguish all 20 amino acids

triplet code

mRNA synthesis follows the same base pairing rules as DNA except _____ substitutes thymine

uracil

the genetic code has ___; when there’s more than one codon for each amino acid

redundancy

the genetic code has no _____; no codon specifies more than one amino acid

ambiguity

RNA synthesis is catalyzed by ___ _______

RNA polymerase

what is the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches called?

promoter

What are the 3 stages in transcription of DNA into mRNA

1. Initiation

2. Elongation

3. Termination

____ are the regions of DNA that mark the start of the gene

promoters

what is a DNA sequence containing nucleotides TATA called

TATA box

in _____ RNA polymerase moves along DNA untwisting the double helix 10 to 20 bases at a time

Elongation

in termination for prokaryotes, the polymerase stops transcription at the end of a DNA sequence called the ____

terminator

in termination for eukaryotes, mRNA is called pre-mRNA because there is ____ ____ before its translated into a protien

RNA processing

____ _____ is when enzymes modify pre-mRNA before exiting the nucleus

RNA processing

Regions of the gene called ___ are not translated

introns

what are protein coding regions called?

exons

______ are cell structures that read RNA during translation to assemble proteins

ribosomes

Each tRNA carries an amino acid on one end and an ____ complementary to a codon on the other

anticodon

What are the 4 different kinds of mutations

1. silent mutations

2. missense mutations

3. nonsense mutations

4. frameshift mutations

____ mutations are point mutations that have no effect on the protein

silent

_____ mutations change an amino acid codon into a stop codon, nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein

nonsense

____ mutations still code for an amino acid, but not the right one

missense

____ mutation is the inserting or deleting of nucleotides that change the reading frame

frameshift

myoblasts are cells that produce muscle-specific proteins and ______ into skeletal muscle cells

differentiate

MyoD is a ____ ____ gene that produces the myoD protein that commits the cell to becoming skeletal muscle

master regulatory gene

What is the genetic material of eukaryotes packaged as?

chromatin

The addition of methyl groups _____ can condense chromatin

methylation

the addition of acetyl groups ________ can loosen chromatin and increase transcription

acetylation

transcription factors called _____ attach to enhancers to increase the binding of RNA polymerase.

activators

Who from the Netherlands conducted experiments to determine the nature of the infectious particle?

Martinus Beijerinck

______ is smaller than bacteria, and are not cells

viruses

Depending on the type of nucleic acid a virus is called a ____ virus or ____ virus

DNA virus or RNA virus

A _____ is the protein shell around the viral genome

capsid

Capsids are built from protein subunits called _______

capsomeres

Membranous envelopes that viruses contain to help them infect hosts

viral envelopes

What term describes the limited number of host cells that a virus can infect?

host range

Once a viral genome has entered a host cell, the cell begins to manufacture _____ ______

viral proteins

__________ infect bacteria and are the most well-known viruses; most complex capsids

bacteriophages

bacteriophages are also known as…..

phages

What are the 2 reproductive cycles of phages?

1. lytic cycle

2. lysogenic cycle

the _____ cycle replicates the phage genome without destroying the host cell

lysogenic

What is the viral DNA molecule called that integrates with the host cell’s chromosome?

prophage

the _____ cycle is a replicative cycle that leads to the death of the host cell

lytic cycle

What is a phage called that produces only by the lytic cycle?

virulent phage

What is a defense that bacteria have against phage?

restriction enzymes

A RNA copy of an individual file plugged into the enzyme Cas9 forms a ________ complex

CRISPR-Cas9 complex

Replicative cycles of ____ viruses do not necessarily kill the host cell.

animal

_______enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA.

retroviruses

____ is the retrovirus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

What is the viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome

provirus

Unlike a prophage, a ____ remains permanently in the host cell

provirus

_______ are harmless versions of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to defend against harmful pathogens

vaccines

_____ _____ can help to treat, though not cure, major viral infections

antiviral drugs

Another word for a global outbreak is a ____

pandemic

the transfer of genes across lineages, rather than down lineages

horizontal gene transfer

____ are slow acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain disease in mammals

prions

_____ are acquired in food and convert normal protein into non-functional prion version

prions

Prions acts as a _____ for the conversion of normal proteins into aggregated prion proteins

template

What is the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

bioinformatics

______ is the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions