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Last updated 1:28 AM on 5/14/26
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16 Terms

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Calcium and phosphorus

Make bone extracellular matrix hard.

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Magnesium

Helps form bone extracellular matrix.

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Fluoride

Helps strengthen bone extracellular matrix.

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Manganese

Activates enzymes involved in synthesis of bone extracellular matrix.

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Vitamin A

Needed for osteoblast activity during remodeling

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Vitamin C

Needed for collagen synthesis

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Vitamin D (Calcitriol)

Increases calcium absorption from the digestive canal

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Vitamins K and B12

Needed for bone protein synthesis

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Secreted by anterior pituitary

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Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs)

Secreted by liver/bone

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Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)

Secreted by thyroid gland

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Insulin

Secreted by pancreas

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Sex Hormones (Estrogens/Testosterone)

Responsible for teenage growth spurts and closing epiphyseal plates (age 18-21).

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Secreted by parathyroid glands

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Calcitonin (CT)

Secreted by thyroid gland

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Estrogen/Testosterone (Adulthood)

Contribute to remodeling by slowing resorption and promoting deposition.