MODULE 2: The Internet: Connecting and Communicating Online

What is the World Wide Web originally known as?

A service consisting of websites located on computers around the world, connected through the Internet.

How is the Internet defined?

A global collection of millions of computers linked together to share information.

Which organization started the networking project that led to the creation of the Internet?

The Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense.

What were the two main goals of ARPA when building the original network?

(1) Enable scientists in various physical locations to share information, and (2) Function even if part of the network was disabled or destroyed by a disaster, such as a nuclear attack.

What were the four original computers/hosts that constituted the initial ARPANET?

University of California in Los Angeles, University of California in Santa Barbara, Stanford Research Institute, and University of Utah.

What does bandwidth describe in communications?

The capacity of a communications channel.

Define net neutrality.

The concept that one website has the same value or priority as other websites, resulting in equal, unrestricted access to each site.

What is an Internet Service Provider (ISP)?

A company that sells Internet access and must provide the same level of service to all websites, regardless of content or purpose.

What is a web page?

A specially formatted document that can contain text, graphics, sound, video, and links to other web pages, designed to be visually appealing and easy to find.

What is the difference between a static web page and a dynamic web page?

A static web page displays the same content each time you visit, whereas a dynamic web page has its content regenerated each time you display it.

What are hyperlinks (or links)?

Words or graphics you can click to display a web page or other resources on the Internet, such as a file.

What constitutes a website?

A collection of related webpages and associated items, such as documents and photos, stored on a web server.

What is a web server?

A computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer or mobile device.

What is responsive web design?

Design that adapts the layout of the website to fit the screen on which it is being displayed.

What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?

A set of codes that developers use to specify headings, paragraphs, images, links, and other content elements that a web page contains.

Which browser has been the default for macOS since 2003 and features built-in sharing with online social networks and parental controls?

Apple Safari.

What key feature characterizes Google Chrome's tabbed browsing?

Independent tabbed browsing; if there is a problem in one tab, the other tabs continue to function normally.

What features are included in Microsoft Edge?

Integration with Cortana and OneDrive, along with annotation and reading tools.

What features are Mozilla Firefox known for?

An extensive array of plug-ins, enhanced privacy and security features, a spelling checker, tabbed browsing, and a password manager.

What are cookies on the web?

Small text files generated by a web server to store information, such as items viewed or purchased on an e-commerce site.

What are breadcrumbs in web browsing?

The path you followed to display a web page, tracked sequentially by the browser.

What is an address bar in a web browser?

The part of a browser window that displays the location (URL) of the current web page.

What are the main component parts of a URL?

Protocol, Server address (including Domain name), and Pathname (including Webpage file name).

What is the primary purpose of a .biz Top-Level Domain (TLD)?

Unrestricted use, but usually identifies business.

What is the primary purpose of a .edu Top-Level Domain (TLD)?

Academic and research sites such as schools and universities.

What is the primary purpose of a .gov Top-Level Domain (TLD)?

U.S. government organizations.

What is an IP address?

A unique number consisting of four sets of numbers from 0 to 255 separated by periods, dots, or colons depending on the scheme (e.g., IPv4 or IPv6).

What is the mathematical formula and total address space calculation for IPv4?

2^8 x 2^8 x 2^8 x 2^8 = 2^32 (256 x 256 x 256 x 256).

What is the mathematical formula and total address space calculation for IPv6?

16^4 x 16^4 x 16^4 x 16^4 x 16^4 x 16^4 x 16^4 x 16^4 = 16^32 = 2^128.

What is the Domain Name System (DNS)?

The method that the Internet uses to store domain names and their corresponding IP addresses.

What is the function of a DNS server?

To translate a domain name to its associated IP address so a request can be routed to the correct computer.

What is the advantage of 5G cellular networks over 4G networks?

Higher-speed data transmission, making them more appealing for high-bandwidth content access.

What is a Wi-Fi network?

A wireless network available in public places, such as hotels, restaurants, and coffee shops.

Define a hot spot.

A wireless network device that provides Internet connections to mobile computers and devices.

What is tethering?

A process that transforms a smartphone or Internet-capable tablet into a portable communications device that shares its Internet access wirelessly with other computers and devices.

What do informational and research websites contain?

Information such as libraries, encyclopedias, dictionaries, directories, guides, and other types of references.

What is a blog?

An informal website consisting of time-stamped articles, or posts, in a diary or journal format, usually listed in reverse chronological order.

What is Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-commerce?

E-commerce that involves the sale of goods and services to the general public (e.g., shopping websites).

What is Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) e-commerce?

E-commerce that occurs when one consumer sells directly to another (e.g., online auctions).

What is Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce?

E-commerce consisting of businesses providing goods and services to other businesses (e.g., market research websites).

What is a bookmarking site?

A website that enables members to organize, tag, and share links to media and other online content.

What is encryption in the context of online safety?

A security method that scrambles or codes data as it is transmitted over a network so that it is not readable until it is decrypted.

What does the "s" in https stand for?

Secure (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure).

What is the purpose of a digital certificate on secure websites?

To verify a user's identity with a digital key that has been signed by a trusted third party.

What are the features commonly included in most messaging apps?

Text messaging, multimedia messaging, voice messaging, voice-to-text (speech-to-text), and online discussion.

What type of social network is best described by sharing ideas, opinions, photos, videos, and websites via platforms like Facebook and LinkedIn?

Social networking.

What type of social network involves creating and updating online journals and microblogs using tools like Twitter and WordPress?

Blogging and microblogging.

What type of social network allows users to view and distribute pictures, videos, and audio files on platforms like YouTube and Flickr?

Media sharing and content sharing.

What type of social network allows users to read, add, and discuss articles about topics of interest via wikis and online encyclopedias like Wikipedia?

Collaborative projects.

What type of social network involves tagging, searching, and sharing websites, articles, and news stories (e.g., Reddit, Delicious)?

Social curation, bookmarking, and social news.

What type of social network allows users to send and receive files from others using Internet storage locations like Dropbox or OneDrive?

File sharing.

What are spiders or crawlers in search engine architecture?

Software that combs the web to find web pages and add new data about them to a database, building an index of terms and locations.

What is a query in web searches?

A search term entered into a search engine on the web to obtain results.

What is a web directory (or subject directory)?

An online guide to subjects or websites, usually arranged in alphabetical order.

What does the quotation marks search operator (") accomplish?

Finds web pages with the exact words in the same order.

What does the vertical bar search operator (|) represent?

OR.

What does the hyphen search operator (-) represent?

NOT.

What is the function of the asterisk (*) search operator?

Acts as a wildcard placeholder for any number of characters.

What does the number range search operator (#..#) find?

Web pages within a range of numbers.

What does the CARS checklist evaluate for web pages?

Whether online information is credible, accurate, reasonable, and supportable.

What are intellectual property rights?

Legal rights protecting those who create works such as photos, art, writing, inventions, and music.

What is Digital Rights Management (DRM)?

A collection of technologies used by software publishers and trade groups to fight software piracy and prevent unauthorized copying of digital content.

What does public domain mean regarding content?

It means the content is not subject to copyright.

What is Creative Commons?

A nonprofit organization that helps content creators keep the copyright to their materials while allowing others to use, copy, or distribute their work.

How is ethics defined in the context of using online content?

The set of moral principles that govern people's behavior.

What is a bibliography?

An alphabetical collection of citations.