ARCH 250 - EXAM #3 - Klein, Texas A&M University

- Chiswick House, London, England, Lord Burlington (Richard Boyle) and William Kent, 1725-1729

What Renaissance building inspired Lord Burlington when he designed Chiswick House?

- Villa Rotonda

Describe the exterior appearance of Chiswick House. What are some of the characteristics borrowed from the Italian Renaissance? What about the design is new or innovative?

- Exterior: Multi-run twin stairs at the front entrance; a single, dominant portico with 6 corinthian columns; octagonal drum that supports a dome and Obelisk chimneys

- Renaissance characteristics include the shape of the windows, rustication, half-round(thermal) windows, triangular pediments, colonnades, and a more complex entrance

What was the main building of Chiswick House used for?

- Entertainment

- The side building was a residential quarters

Holkham Hall, Norfolk, William Kent, 1734

Who was Holkham Hall built for? How did his "Grand Tour" lead to the interior being designed to be a 'temple of the arts'?

- Sir Edward Coke

- The tour led to artwork being collected from France and Italy

What Palladian characteristics are seen on the exterior of Holkham Hall? What are some of the characteristics borrowed from the Italian Renaissance?

- Tripartite design, Rustication, Temple Facade, Central elements with wings and Palladian windows

How does the interior design and decoration of Holkham Hall reflect an interest in ancient art and architecture?

- The colonnade is a copy of the Temple of Fortuna Viliris in Rome and the ceiling is inspired by the Pantheon in Rome

How does Holkham Hall manage to survive in the 21st century?

- Pierre "Peter" Charles L'Efant, French-born American architect and civil engineer was the architect

- Best known for designing the layout of the streets of Washington D.C. (The L'Efant Plan)

- Grew up in Versailles

- Envisioned a city where important buildings would occupy strategic places based on changed is elevation and the contour of waterways

Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England, Horace Walpole, begun 1748

Who designed Strawberry Hill and what style(s) of architecture did he use?

- Horace Wapole; the style of architecture he used for his house is Georgian Gothic, architectural elements include Rose Windows, Perpendicular, Paper Machet top (cheaper than stone), the design started as a church, turned into a fancy dining room

What are some of the specific medieval monuments or types Strawberry Hill deliberately imitates, inside and out?

- Illustrations of the Gothic Doorways from Old St. Pauls in London and a Rose Window in the ceiling of the Round Room

- Tomb of Archbishop Wareham in the decoration around the fire place

- Henry VII Chapel: perpendicular style pendant vault, made of paper machet and guilded

Saline Royale (Royal saltworks), Chaux France, Claude-Nicholas Ledoux, 1775-1779

What is the purpose of the Saline Royal (Royal Saltworks) complex and what are some of the buildings found here? Who was it built for?

- Organized as a great oval of workers' houses, with buildings for salt making stretching across the lesser diameter. Outside of the oval there are various communal structures, recreational facilities and gardens

What are the characteristics of the gatehouse at Saline Royale (Royal Saltworks) and what purpose do they serve?

- It had a portico with baseless tuscan columns, a heavily rusticated apse beneath huge rusticated voussoirs that becomes a grotto, and its windows take the form of urns spilled over on their sides to disgorge petrified water.

- These characteristics reflect the states jealous monopoly of salt production

What was the Director's pavilion at Saline Royale (Royal Saltworks) used for? How did Ledoux change traditional column shape in the Director's pavilion?

- Located at the center of the oval, it was the most important building in the complex.

- The authority of the director is stated emphatically by the heavy banded columns of his house

How does the Saline Royale (Royal Saltworks) complex demonstrate the rising importance of industrialization and the idea of the Utopian city?

- "Do everything where you work"

- The design for the complex made everything much more convenient

Temple of Heaven, Beijing, China, 1420, restored in 1530 and 1757

Describe the plan and identify main buildings in the Temple of Heaven complex.

- The Circular mound/altar (a 3 tiered round platform with white marble balustrades and stairs)

- The Imperial Vault of Heaven (blue=heaven)

- The Hall of Prayer for a Prosperous New Year (wooden structure)

- Circular=heaven

- Square=earth

What was the purpose of the Temple of Heaven complex?

- The purpose of the complex was intended for the Emperor to make sacrifices to Heaven

What are some of the architectural, decorative, and spatial characteristics of the Temple of Heaven that reveal its importance?

-Enclosed by a square wall and raised on three terraces

-The circular building represents heaven, and the square represents earth

-The three conical roof eaves have azur blue tiles, and are unique

-Dragon represents the emperor

Pavilion and Garden of the Master of the Fishing Nets (Wang Shi Yuan), Suzhou, China. Originally built in 1140, restored in 1785

What kind of complex is the Pavilion and Garden of the Master of the Fishing Nets (Wang Shi Yuan) and who would have lived here?

- The complex is a temple and it was mainly occupied by poets, philosophers, and men who had risen high in the Civil Service

Why did gardens become a popular part of Chinese houses? What did they provide to the owner and how did it represent their wealth and status?

- It was seen as a quest for a relaxing setting that would foster the free exploration of the thoughts and feelings in a state of meditation upon nature

- They were very expensive to had made so only the very wealthy could have them

What are some of the most important qualities of the garden shown in these images? Would you describe it as being a very rigid and formal design, or more random and picturesque, and why?

- They are irregular and picturesque

- This has been carefully done to create contrast, with rocks, water, and plants selected on Daoist Principles

Yoshimura House, near Osaka, Japan, ca. 1620

Where would you expect to find a minka, in the city or the countryside? Who would live in one?

- Japanese countryside

- Ordinary people and animals in many cases

What are some of the materials and techniques used to build a minka? How is the design of a minka (inside and out) suited to its purpose and the climate of Japan?

- Interior: An opean, earth floor section around a central hearth, the cheif source of heat and the center of food preparation, and a living section with raised wooden flooring to protect from ground damp(moisture). They are generally modular and the dimensions of tatami(rice-straw woven floor mats - roughly 3x6 feet) determined room proportions and size

- Exterior: High roofs made of thatch, bark, split bamboo, or wooden shingles were desirable to cast off rain and handle snow(in the north), and gable peal vents permitted smoke from the hearth to escape.

How was art displayed in the Yoshimura house? What did such a display say about the owners of the house?

- Careful attention to detail and the artistry that appears when a feature is made of the natural irregularities of the building materials

How does the design of a minka compare to a courtyard house in Beijing?

- They did not have symmetry like courtyard houses. Courtyard houses were built using axial symmetry and had open courtyards in the design to serve different purposes and were gated

Katsura Imperial Villa and Tea Houses, Kyoto, Japan, ca. 1616-1660

Who built the Katsura Imperial Villa and Tea Houses complex and what is its purpose?

- The complex was build in stages from about 1616 to 1660 by three generations of the princely Hachijonomiya family.

- It was a country retreat build in the Shoin style and was intended for occasional occupancy as a place for reflection, relaxation, creative works and contemplation of nature

How does the design of the Katsura villa exemplify the Shoin style of interior? What are three important characteristics?

-Sliding screens for walls and doors (fusuma), some painted by leading artists of the time

-Tatami mats as floor coverings

-Alcoves (tokonama) serve to display works of art

What are the most important design characteristics of a Japanese tea house? How does the Shoi-ken (Pavilion of the Laughing Thoughts) Teahouse reflect nature, principles of Zen Buddhism, and the arts?

- They are usually set in isolation and are approachable by paths that enable the visitor to veiw the pavilion at the last possible moment.

- They employ characteristics such as rustic elements, like wooden support with bark still attached or a wooden element of irregular shape as an element of the natural world

- The Shokin-Tei tea house at Katsura emphasizes ta zen-inspired landscape with natural materials and controlled views within and without the structures

Neue Wache (Royal Guard House), Berlin, Prussia (Germany), Karl Friedrich Schinkel, 1817-1818

Why did Schinkel use the Classical orders in his buildings?

- Because he saw architecture as a means to foster civic consciousness

How was Schinkel's design of the Neue Wache (Royal Guard House), especially its façade, suited to its original purpose?

- A classic temple front and a Doric portico between heavy pylons, both detailed with such artistry that the building achieves monumentality despite its modest size

What is the function of the Neue Wache (Royal Guard House) building today? How does the sculpture inside reflect this function?

- It was originally designed to serve as a memorial for those who died in World War 1

- Since the 1960's it has also commenced the victims of fascism and militarism

Altes Museum, Berlin, Prussia (Germany), Karl Friedrich Schinkel, 1823-1828

Who commissioned Schinkel to build the Altes Museum?

- Schinkle was commissioned by the Prussian Public Works Office and Fredrick William III, King of Prussia

What type of building is the Altes Museum and why is this historically significant?

- Museuem

- It is historically significant because it was the first public art museum in Europe

What are some of the classical design elements found in the Altes Museum? What ancient buildings served as a source of inspiration?

- Ionic columns, a central rotunda, and a large staircase

- The Pantheon inspired Schinkle to build this monument

University of Virginia campus, Charlottesville, Virginia, Thomas Jefferson, 1817-1826

What are some of the types of buildings that Jefferson included in his design for the University of Virginia campus?

- Lecture halls, student dorms, library, faculty residences, five pavilions on each corner of the lawn and the rotunda(library) at the center of the lawn

What earlier buildings and places influenced Jefferson's design for the University of Virginia Campus? What older building does the library imitate?

- The library was inspired by the Pantheon

- Pavilion X, ornamented in the ionic order of the theater of Marcellus as taken from Chambrays parallele de l'architectura antique

How would you describe Jefferson's plan for the University of Virginia? How does it refocus the architectural design to emphasize secular knowledge as opposed to theology and faith?

- By making it an academic village rather than a single large building

- The pavilions were designed after different architectural orders to have variety within a unified scheme. Belief of education and faith-basis for training people that will become members of the government valued education over faith

What role did the École des Beaux-Arts and the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures play in 19th century architectural design in France and elsewhere? Who are some of their famous graduates?

- Carefully orchestrated sequences of circulation and transitional spaces

- Hierarchical arrangements of rooms according to their functional significance

- Projecting and receding planes, flights of stairs, floor markings, etc.

- Exterior decorations in historic styles, especially Classical and Renaissance architecture

How did the "World Fairs" of the 19th century promote architectural and technological achievements?

-showcased new and great achievements to others from around the world inspiring new technology

Great Exhibition Hall or 'Crystal Palace', London, England, Joseph Paxton, 1851

What was Joseph Paxton's training and background?

- English Horticulturist, garden designer and architect

- Son of a farmer, had no formal education

- Head gardener for Duke of Devonshire

What was the purpose of the 'Crystal Palace' and how did Joseph Paxton earn the commission?

- International exhibitions or expositions of the development in architecture, the arts, science, industry and trade.

- Paxton earned the commission by submitting a design into a design competition and and winning

What are some of the innovations in material and construction methods introduced by Joseph Paxton's 'Crystal Palace'?

- Furrow and ridge structural system into which planes of glass were inserted

- Iron and Glass

- Self-Scaffolded(greenhouse building)

- Elements of the buildings arch were assembled on the ground before being lifted into place

- Power was supplied by horses and humans

What happened to the 'Crystal Palace' after the Great Exhibition had closed?

- It was dismantled and rebuilt with gardens at Sydenham

Bibliothèque (Library) Ste. Geneviève, Paris, France, 1842-50, Henri Labrouste

Where did Henri Labrouste go to school, and how does the Library of Ste. Genevieve express the ideals of the school?

- Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France

- Large reading room on the second floor

What older buildings provided inspiration for the design of the exterior and interior of the Library of Ste. Genevieve?

- The facades are based on the lateral walls of Alberti's S. Francesco in Rimini

What new materials does Henri Labouste use for the interior of the Library of Ste. Genevieve?

- Cast-Iron

L'Opéra (Opera House), Paris, France, Jean-Louis-Charles Garnier, 1861-1875

Where was Jean-Louis-Garnier trained as an architect?

- He was trained as an architect at the Ecole des Breaux-Arts in Paris

- He traveled throughout Italy and Greece as well to gain inspiration

What are the most important characteristics of the Beaux-Arts style of architecture as seen in the Paris Opera House?

- Pairs of Colossal columns

- Projecting and receding elements

- Decorative swag and garlands

- Elaborate rooflines with figural sculptures silhouetted against the sky

What other buildings in France did Jean-Louis-Garnier reference in the interior and exterior of the Paris Opera House and what are some details that prove this?

What was innovative about Jean-Louis-Garnier's design for the Paris Opera House?

Machu Picchu, Peru, 15th century

The culture of the Inca Empire predates the arrival of Europeans in the America. What are some of the characteristic types of buildings and features seen at Machu Picchu, and what do they tell us about the infrastructure of the Inca empire?

- The site includes abut 200 houses that could have sheltered only about 1000 people

- They transformed a saddle of land into a cohesive ensemble of agricultural terraces, distinctive house types, meeting halls and carefully defined plazzas

What are the distinguishing characteristics of cyclopean masonry used in the architecture of the Incas at Macchu Picchu?

- Individually dressed stones that were placed adjacent to its neighbor without the use of mortar

Who built the site of Machu Picchu and what was it used for?

- Built by Inca Ruler Pachacuti as Royal estate at a height of 7,600 feet in the Andes Mountains

What types of buildings are found at Machu Picchu and what are some of their common characteristics such as materials and construction techniques?

- Houses, meeting halls, plazas

- Houses are notable for their construction, sometimes battered walls, tall end-wall gables, trapezoidal openings, and distinctive plans, many of which have 3 closed sides and only a pier or piers on one long side

Great Zimbabwe, Africa, 11th - 15th centuries

Who built the structures at Great Zimbabwe?

- The Shona People

- Ancestors of The Shona People

What are some of the materials and techniques used to build the structures at the Great Zimbabwe?

- A cluster of stone structures laid up in coarsed granite without mortar, with a fortified, terraced acropolis on an adjacent hill

- All covering 1,800 acres

How do the walls at the Great Zimbabwe communicate the power and authority of the ruler?

- "Power Through Seclusion"

Menier Factory, Turbine Building, Noisiel-sur-Seine, France, Jules Saulnier, 1871-1872

What are some of the materials and techniques used to build the Turbine Building at the Menier Factory?

- Exterior: Wrought iron frame(exterior lattice girders) with brickwork skin

- Interior: Cast-iron columns(the first true iron skeleton)

- The complex uses water to drive the turbines that produce power for the factory

What materials are used to provide exterior decoration at the Menier Factory and how does this tell us about its original purpose?

- Wrought-iron frame with brickwork skin, integration of structure and decorations seen in the pattern of a cacao tree and an "M" for Menier in the circular pannels

- Terra Cotta design

- The factory originally produced cacao

What purpose does the Menier Factory complex serve today?

- the Nestle headquarters, listed as a national monument

E. V. Haughwout Department Store, New York, NY, Daniel Badger, John P Gaynor, 1856-1857

How does the design of the E.V. Haughwout Department Store reflect Renaissance architecture?

- The facade is designed to look like the renaissance palazzo

How do the materials and technology used in the E.V. Haughwout Department Store reflect the industrial developments of the 19th century?

- Mass-produced cast iron building elements. The design repeats the same elements over and over to achieve the desired height

What did Elisha Otis invent and install in the E.V. Haughwout Department Store building? How did it contribute to the development of tall buildings?

- The earliest steam-driven passenger elevator with a safety brake in 1852.

- This invention made it easier for people to access taller buildings

Administration Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, IL Richard Morris Hunt, 1893

Where did the architect of the Administration Building (World's Columbian Exposition) study architecture and how does this explain the style used for this building?

- Richard Hunt studied at the Ecole des Breaux-Arts in Paris

- He uses pairs of colossal columns, projecting and receding elements and incorporated an elaborate roofline with figural sculptures silhouetted against the sky

What are some of the most characteristics qualities of this style seen on the façade of the Administration Building (World's Columbian Exposition)?

- Pairs of colossal columns

- Projecting and receding elements

- Emphasis on corner pavilions(baroque style)

- Elaborate roofline with figural sculptures that are silhouetted against the sky

How does the Administration Building (World's Columbian Exposition) building compare to Charles Garnier's Opera House in Paris?

- Both buildings have pairs of colossal columns, projecting and receding elements, and elaborate rooflines that are silhouetted against the sky.

- The columbian exchange was built 30 years after the Paris Opera House

- The columbian exchange emphasizes corner pavilions

What happened to the Administration Building after the Columbian Exposition?

- It began to fall apart and it caught on fire. (except for a few structures, including the Fine Arts Building)

Boston Public Library, Boston, MA, McKim, Mead, and White, 1887-1895

What type of building is the Boston Public Library and what does it symbolize about the cultural heritage of this city? What did McKim refer to is as his "palace for the people"?

- A public library

- Was the first large, free, municipal library library in the United States

- Charles Follen McKim referred to the library as his "Palace for the people"

How does the Boston Public Library express the principles of the Beaux-Arts tradition? How does it compare to Henri Labrouste's Library of Ste.-Geneviève in Paris?

- Designed around a central court that is open to the sky

- Main reading room is on the second floor, bates hall, designed like a roman basilica with barrel vaulted ceilings.

- The "issue room," where you waited for your books was painted by Edwin Austin Abbey, with the story of the "Quest of the Holy Grail"

When did the National Park Service designated the Boston Public Library a National Historic Landmark, and why?

- 1986

- They cited it as the "first outstanding example of renaissance beaux-arts classicism in America"

Who are some of the famous graduates of The Ecole des Beaux-Arts in paris?

- Richard Hunt Morriss

- Charles Follem McKim

- Henri Labrouste

- Jean-Louis-Garnier

Who are some of the famous graduates from The Ecoles des Arts et Manufactures in Paris?

- Bleriot

- Eifel

- Michelin

- Peugot