FOOD/NUTR 4090 Final Part 2

Some people do lose weight on Herbal Magic. WHY?

Food diary, caloric restriction, accountability, walking

What could the weight loss supplements be compared to with the medical ingredient breakdown?

A multi vitamin

Chlorogenic acid levels in coffee beans _______ with roasting

decrease

In very early pilot studies in humans, CGA may

Facilitate absorption of glucose from the distal rather than proximalportion of the gut

In experimental animals, CGA has been shown to

Reduce formation of Triglycerides in the liver

Reduce weight gain in high-fat fed mice

What was seen with the Green Bean supplements?

We saw conflicting weightloss with pre obese patients, the studies were too short and bad quailty.

Why are alcohol limits lowerfor women?

- Body composition

- Lower alcohol metabolism (AlcoholDehydrogenase ADH)

- Hormonal influences

How have the drinking guidelines changed from 2017 to 2023?

2017- drinks per day and per week for man and woman (3/15, 2/10)

2023- per week with 7+ having a high risk and 3+ being a moderate risk

Risks Associated with Weekly Levels of Alcohol Use

-When pregnant or trying to conceive, there is no known safe amount of alcohol use

- No alc is safest when breastfeeding given that alc enters breastmilk via passive diffusion within 30-60 minutes

(effects on infant sleep, decrease in milk production)

- Higher risk for females vs. males:

Breast cancer

Long-term harm e.g. liver damage

- Violence

___________ is a known carcinogen

Alcohol

What changed the Low risk drinking guidelines?

ties to diabetes, increased risk of respiratory infections, no lower risk threshold b/w all and death from cancer, increase risk oof hypertension/ heart disease, risk of haemorrhage, all impact on ishemic heart disease.

From women increased drinking leads to.....

reduces chance of diabetes and pancreatitis. also really increases the risk for liver cirrhosis.

For both sexes what do we see no change in risk for when drinking alcohol?

no change in risk for ischemic heart disease, stroke, or hemmorage

What is The French Paradox?

France has lower CHD mortality, despite higher Short chain fatty acid intake and high wine intake.

It was hypothesized that this relationship was due to moderate red wine consumption.

Moderate alcohol consumption = _______ risk of all cause mortality

reduced

What was seen in the Copenhagan City Heart Study on CVD mortality and diff alcohol types?

Wine and beer intake was associated with decreased mortality risk from CVD.

What did we see in the similar results from France?

moderate consumption, wine intake was associated with lower total mortality.

Beer and wine intake were associated with lower mortality.

What did we see in the similar results from USA?

Wine drinking was associated with lower total mortality

Risk reduction was similar between:red wine, white wine, and combination of wines

Intervention Study with wine and gin. What results did we see?

Both drinks showed anti-inflam effects. BUT, compared to gin,WINE also:

- decreased oxidation of LDL-cholesterol in plasma

- decreased more markers of inflammation (CRP) Conclusion: for the same alcohol content, red wine confers additional cardio-protection

Wine drinking overall is associated with....

With lower total mortality and total CVD mortality. Wine drinking seems to confer additional advantages compared toother types of alcoholic drinks

Beer drinking overall is associated with....

lower CVD mortality only

Resveratrol îs a ________ polyphenol

Hydrophobic

Resveratrol is a _________. which in synthesized in the skin and has antibacterial and anti fungal properties.

phytoalexin

__________ practices can affect concentration

Viticulture

The main challenge of trying to use RSV as a NHP is that it is

metabolized quickly

RSV is rapidly and extensively _______ and _________ then _______ in urine

Absorbed, metabolized and excreted

What are the 3 main RSV metabolites?

1. 3-O-sulfate

2. 4-O-glucuronide

3. 3-O-glucuronide

Another problem with RSV is the _______________. For the amount needed you would need to consume 117 L of wine daily.

Wine dose equivalent

RSV & CVD biomarkers in humans. =RSV ______ oxidative stress, and _______ inflammatory markers.

decrease, decrease

Systematic review and meta analysis of human clinical studies concluded that: _____ offered the greatest CVD protection but ____ may also be protective.

Red wine, beer

RSV supplementation ________ glucose response to an OGTT in older patients withimpaired fasting glucose.

decreased

how does caloric restriction increase lifespan?

CR acts on the SIRT1 pathway.

What pathway does RSV act on the same as CR to increase the lifespan of different species, including humans?

SIRT1 pathway

RSV _________ results in low bioavailability and is the main challenge in considering RSV as a FFN

rapid metabolism

RSV data in ___________ are very encouraging

cell culture and animal data

Due to doses required, RSV as a ______ is a morerealistic approach than wine drinking

nutraceutical

So what about RSV & human longevity?

In a normal western diet we don't consume enough RSV to have a seen effect.

What are 2 essential fatty acids in the PUFA family (polyunsaturated fatty acids)besides omega 3 and 6?)

Alpha- linolenic acid ALA), linoleum acid (LA)

What is an essential fatty acid?

An essential nutrient is a type of nutrient that is required for normal physiologicalfunction but cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts, or at all, andmust therefore be obtained from the diet.

Without proper essential fatty aid levels what symptoms do we see?

Rats- Stunted growth, lost fur, inflamed & scaly tails

Humans- poor growth and thickened dry skin

LC-PUFA are bioactive molecules that......

Constitute cell membrane phospholipids, Act as signalling molecules, Are precursors of bio active lipid mediators.

Omega 3 LC-PUFA did what to the bodys VLDL synthesis and DNL levels?

Reduced VLDL synthesis, decreased DNL

Omega 3 LC-PUFA caused a __________ in blood pressure

reduction

Omega 3 LC-PUFA caused a __________ in anti-inflammatory effects

increase

LC-PUFA are required in the development and functioning of the __________________________

brain and visual system

The lipid bilayer of neuronal membranes consists of ________________

phospholipids

During the third trimester, the brain accumulates _________ as preparation for a growth spurt

DHA

How is omega-3 synthesis studied?

- Stable isotope tracer (Best for measuring enzyme activity invivo (very costly))