Bio Exam Revision
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20 Terms
Structure of DNA
DNA is structured as a double helix; the model was created by Watson and Crick.
Nucleotides
The repeating units of DNA strands made up of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G).
Complementary base pairing
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G), ensuring accurate DNA replication.
Genes
Sections of DNA that encode for specific traits and are made up of numerous base sequences.
Chromosomes
Entire strands of DNA wound up found in the nucleus of cells; humans have 23 pairs.
Diploid number
The total number of chromosomes in an organism, which is 46 in humans.
Haploid number
Half the number of chromosomes, found in gametes (sperm and eggs); 23 in humans.
Genotype
The genetic information carried by a person, e.g., Bb for eye color.
Phenotype
The physical expression of a person's genes, e.g., brown eyes.
Mutations
Changes in the base sequence of an organism's DNA, which may produce advantages or disadvantages.
Recombinant DNA
DNA formed by combining DNA from two different sources.
Restriction enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA out for gene transfer processes.
Embryonic stem cells
Pluripotent cells that can become any of the 220 cell types in the human body.
Adult stem cells
Cells found in tissues that can regenerate and repair, limited to certain cell types.
Natural selection
The process where environmental factors favor certain characteristics leading to survival and reproduction.
Speciation
The process by which one species splits into two or more separate species through variation, isolation, and selection.
Homologous structures
Similar structures in different organisms that indicate common ancestry.
Analogous structures
Structures in different organisms that serve similar functions but evolved independently.
Darwin's theory of natural selection
An environmental factor leads to the survival of organisms better adapted to their environment.
Antibiotic resistance
The ability of bacteria to survive treatment by antibiotics due to genetic changes.