AP Bio Review

Where does glycolysis occur? What are the products?

In cytosol. Glucose splits into 2 pyruvate, net gain of 2 ATP (4-2) and 2 NADH and 2 H2O.

Where does the link reaction (pyruvate oxidation) occur? What are the products?

Transports from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix. Converts 2 pyruvate into 2 acetyl-CoA. Produces 2 NADH Releases. 2 CO2.

Where does the krebs cycle (citric acid) occur? What are the products?

In mitochondrial matrix. Produces 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH, and 4CO2.

What are the products made in the calvin cycle? How are they made?

G3P, NADP+, ADP. How: RuBP (5-carbon sugar) and CO2 combine into one six-carbon molecule and split into 2 molecules with 3 carbons each. Those molecules are phosphorylated from ATP into G3P and NADP+. A G3P is taken out of the cycle and remaining 5 G3Ps become 3 RuBP.

What happens in the reception step of cell signaling?

A ligand binds to a receptor

What happens in the transduction step of cell signaling?

cAMP activates a kinase. The kinase adds a phosphate group from ATP and creates a phosphorylation cascade. Each step activates multiple molecules, making it amplify the process.

What happens in prophase?

Synapsis- each homologous chromosome attaches to another, forming a tetrad

Crossing over- exchanging alleles

Membrane disappears, centrioles form spindle fibers

What happens in metaphase?

Homologous chromosomes line up at equator and attach to spindle fibers

What happens in anaphase?

Spindle fibers separate the homologous chromosomes

What happens in telophase?

Spindle fibers disappear and membrane reforms.

What happens in cytokenisis?

Membrane splits, becoming 2 haploid daughter cells

Pyrimidines have what kind of structure? Give examples

Single ring structure. Ex: uracil, thymine, cytosine

Purines have what kind of structure? Give examples

Double ring structure. Ex: Adenine, guanine

Which bond occurs between two water molecules, resulting in surface tension?

Cohesion

What is the structure of unsaturated fats? Are they healthy?

Double bond. Yes, they’re healthy.

What is the structure of an amino acid?

Amino group, R group, carboxyl group

What is the structure of a nucleic acid?

Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

What is quorum sensing?

Bacteria signal to coordinate behavior

What is the G0 phase?

When nerve and muscle cells stop dividing, usually after G1

What is synaptic signaling?

When nerve cells release neurotransmitters

What is endocrine signaling?

Long distance hormone signaling in blood

What do cyclin-dependent kinases( (CDKs) do?

Add a phosphate group to push the cell into the next phase of the cell cycle.

What are the 3 causes of genetic diversity?

Independent assortment- during metaphase, the chromosomes go to a random pole

Crossing over- during prophase, random exchange of alleles

Fertilization- which sperm and egg fuse

What does gel electrophoresis do?

Sort molecules by size. The smaller molecules are found at the furthest end

Intersexual vs intrasexual selection

Intersexual: Showy males, choosy females

Intrasexual: males fight for territory to find mates

What is directional selection

Selecting against one extreme

Stabilizing selection

Selecting against both extremes

Disruptive selection

If the average is maladaptive, selecting for the extremes

What are the five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

1- No mutations

2- No natural selection

3- No gene flow (migration)

4- Random mating

5- Extremely large population

What are analogous features?

Unrelated to other species, similar function but different structure. Convergent evolution (not related, but similar environmental pressures)

What are homologous features?

Share a common ancestry. Divergent evolution (related)

What is transformation in gene transfer?

Uptake of naked DNA

What is transductive in genetransfer?

A virus accidentally carries DNA from one bacterium and delivers it to another.

What is conjugation in gene transfer?

Cell-to-cell connected

What is transposition in gene transfer?

A piece of DNA moves from one place of the genome to another.

What is the final electrin acceptor in photosynthesis?

NADP+, reducing to NADPH

Where does the etc in cellular respiration occur? What are the products?

Occurs in inner membrane. NADH AND FADH2 donate electrons (oxidize) to for. NAD+ and FAD. H2O is produced after O2 accepts electron.