final set for 242

What are the layers of the digestive tract?

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

What does mucosa consist of?

inner epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

What does submucosa consist of?

lots of blood vessels
strong

What does muscularis consist of?

inner circular layer
outer longitudinal area

What does serosa consist of?

areolar connective tissue

What is Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)?

where mucosa has abundance of lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules
found in first 2 layers of digestive tract

What are functions of mouth involved with digestion process?

food intake
chemical and mechanical digestion
checks, lips, palate, tongue and salivary glands

What are functions of the esophagus involved with digestion process?

has rythmic contraction to propel food to stomach

What are functions of stomach involved with digestion process?

chemical and mechanical digestion
has mucus cells
parietal cells
cheif cells
endocrine cells

What do mucus cells do in the stomach?

produce alkaline mucus

What do parietal cells do in the stomach?

secrete HCl and hunger hormone

What do chief cells do in the stomach?

secrete lipase and pepsinogen

What does endocrine cells do in the stomach?

secrete hormones to regulate digestion

What are gastric juices made of?

water
HCl
pepsin

What does chyme allow the duodenum to do?

nuetralize stomach acid
digest nutrients little by little

What other structures provide stuff for small intestine to help it function?

stomach, chyme
liver
pancreas, has juices with enzymes

What kind of gland is the pancrease?

endocrine and exocrine

What is the purpose of the duodenum?

test protien absorption

What is the purpose of the jejunum?

most nutrient absorption and digestion occurs here

What is the purpose of the ileum?

regulates passage of food into large intestine
some absorption occurs here

What are 3 ways surface are is increased in small intestine?

circular folds
villi
microvilli

What is segmentation?

squishing stuff back and forth to mix it in small intestine

What is the main things the large intestine digests?

water
water soluable things like vitamins and electrolytes

What is something the large intestine and small intestine have in common?

have simple columnar epithelium

How is the large intestine different than the small intestine?

no circular folds or vili
has intestinal crypts

What kind of biome is in the large intestine?

gut microbiome

What is the function of gut microbiome?

help synthesize vitamin B and K

What is flatus?

intestinal gas
most is reabsorbed by large intestine
flatus is swallowed air but bacteria add to it

What is the ratio of water to solids in feces?

¾ water
¼ solid

What are gametes?

sex cells produced by each parent
sperm, egg

What is a zygote?

combination of both parents genes
fertilized egg

what are primary sex organs and give examples?

produce gamates
testes or ovaries

What are secondary sex organs?

penis or vagina

Where is external genetalia located?

in perineum

Where is internal genetalia located?

in pelvic cavity

When do secondary sex charecteristics develop?

during puberty

Which make and female organs are homologous to each other?

penis and clitoris
scrotum and labia majora

Where do the male gonads intially develop?

in high abdominal cavity
migrate into pelvic floor or scrotum

What does the perineum consist of in men?

pubic symphysis
coccyx
both isch tuberosity

Why do testes live in scrotum?

its a cool enviorment

What are 3 ways we regulate temp of testes?

cremaster muscle
dortus muscle
pampiniform plexus

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

lift or drop testes based on temp

What is the function of the dortus muscle?

wrinkles skin when cold
relaxes skin when warm

What is the pampiniform plexus?

where veins wrap around artery for countercurrent heat exchange

What kind of gland are testes?

exocrine and endocrine glands

When do sperm mature and what happens if it is not ejaculated?

as they travel through duct of epididymis
epididymis reabsorbs them

What are the components of semen?

10% from testes
60% from seminal vesicle
30% prostate gland

What else is in component produced by seminal vesicle?

way to dissolve prostate clotting enzyme
has simple sugars to fuel sperm

What else is in component produced by prostate gland?

clotting enzyme

What is the function of bulbourethral glands?

produce fluid to help nuetralize urethra so sperm don’t die

How are sex cells like semen created?

meosis

How much of the penis is the internal root?

half

What is smegma?

substance produced by foreskin

What are the 3 bodies of erectile tissue that fill with blood during erection?

2 corpora cavernosa
1 corpus spongiosum

When do reproductive systems start to activate?

during puberty
occurs form surge of hormones

What is adolescence?

stage during puberty starts until person attains full adult body

What hormones are released to help male puberty?

FSH and LH

What does FSH do for male puberty?

helps process sperm maturation

What does LH do for male puberty?

stimulates testosterone production

What is the lining in the uterine tubes?

lined with ciliated cells

What are the 3 uterine walls?

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

What is the endometrium composed of?

simple columnar epithelium

What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?

functional layer
basal layer

What is the functional layer of the endometrium?

part we shed each month

What is the basal layer of the endometrium?

regenerates functional layer

Where does the embryo attach in the vagina?

on the endometrium

What is oogenesis?

egg production

What role does FSH play in the sexual cycle?

stimulates ovarian follicles
secondary and tertiary follicle grab onto this
follicles that dont get enough die

What does the secondary and tertiary follicle produce?

estrogen

What does LH stimulate in sexual cycle?

ovulation

What does the corpus luteum produce and how long does it produce it?

progesterone
keeps producing if fertilized

What are the 2 phases of the sexual cycle?

follicular phase
luteal phase

What is the follicular phase?

tertiary follicle development

What is the luteal phase?

corpus luteum development

What effect does progesterone have on the endometrium?

makes it grow