Global I Honors Final Study Guide

Primary Source

A firsthand account or original piece of evidence created during the time being studied.

Secondary Source

A source that analyzes or interprets primary sources.

Periodization

The division of history into specific time periods.

Oral Tradition

The passing of stories and history by word of mouth.

Archaeologist

A scientist who studies human history through artifacts and remains.

Anthropologist

A scientist who studies human societies and cultures.

Neolithic Revolution

The shift from hunting and gathering to farming and permanent settlements.

Civilization

A complex society with cities, government, religion, social classes, and writing.

Mesopotamia

The civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

Fertile Crescent

A fertile region in the Middle East where early civilizations developed.

Code of Hammurabi

One of the first written law codes created in Babylon.

Nile River

The river that supported ancient Egyptian civilization.

Polytheism

Belief in many gods.

Animism

Belief that spirits exist in nature and living things.

Monotheism

Belief in one god.

Judaism

The monotheistic religion of the Hebrew people.

Torah

The sacred text of Judaism.

Christianity

A religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ.

Bible

The sacred text of Christianity.

Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad.

Quran

The holy book of Islam.

Five Pillars of Islam

The basic duties all Muslims are expected to follow.

Hinduism

A major religion of India that believes in reincarnation and karma.

Karma

The belief that actions affect future lives.

Reincarnation

The rebirth of the soul in another body.

Buddhism

A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama focused on ending suffering.

Four Noble Truths

The basic teachings of Buddhism explaining suffering and how to overcome it.

Confucianism

A Chinese philosophy emphasizing order, respect, and proper behavior.

Daoism

A Chinese philosophy emphasizing harmony with nature.

Legalism

A Chinese philosophy supporting strict laws and harsh punishments.

Direct Democracy

A government where citizens vote directly on laws.

Athens

A Greek city-state known for democracy.

Sparta

A Greek city-state known for military strength.

Age of Pericles

A golden age of Athenian culture and achievement.

Socrates

A Greek philosopher who used questioning to teach.

Plato

A student of Socrates who wrote The Republic.

Aristotle

A Greek philosopher who studied science and logic.

Alexander the Great

A Macedonian ruler who spread Greek culture across a vast empire.

Hellenistic Age

A period when Greek culture blended with other cultures.

Republic

A government where citizens elect representatives.

Patricians

The wealthy upper-class citizens of Rome.

Plebeians

The common people of Rome.

Pax Romana

A 200-year period of peace and stability in the Roman Empire.

Roman Empire

The period when Rome was ruled by emperors.

Fall of Rome

The collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE.

Harappa

A major city of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Mohenjo-Daro

A major planned city of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Maurya Empire

The first major empire of India.

Asoka

A Mauryan ruler who spread Buddhism.

Gupta Empire

A golden age of Indian achievement in math, science, and literature.

Shang Dynasty

The first recorded Chinese dynasty.

Zhou Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that developed the Mandate of Heaven.

Mandate of Heaven

The belief that rulers receive authority from heaven.

Qin Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that unified China and built parts of the Great Wall.

Han Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty known for expansion and trade.

Silk Road

A network of trade routes connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa.

Caliph

A political and religious leader of the Muslim community.

Sunni

The largest branch of Islam.

Shiite

A branch of Islam that believed leaders should descend from Muhammad.

Umayyad Dynasty

The Muslim dynasty that expanded Islamic territory greatly.

Abbasid Dynasty

The Muslim dynasty known for the Golden Age of Islam.

Sharia

A system of Islamic law.

Golden Age of Islam

A period of major advances in science, medicine, and learning.

Sui Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that reunified China.

Tang Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty known for cultural achievement and expansion.

Song Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty known for technological innovations.

Genghis Khan

The founder of the Mongol Empire.

Pax Mongolica

A period of peace and stability under Mongol rule.

Kublai Khan

The Mongol ruler who founded the Yuan Dynasty in China.

Yuan Dynasty

The Mongol dynasty that ruled China.

Byzantine Empire

The eastern half of the Roman Empire.

Constantinople

The capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Justinian Code

A collection of Byzantine laws.

Cyril

A Byzantine missionary who helped spread Christianity to the Slavs.

Feudalism

A system where land was exchanged for military service and loyalty.

Manorialism

The economic system of medieval Europe based on self-sufficient estates.

Serf

A peasant bound to the land.

Crusades

A series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims.

Great Schism

The split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.

Black Death

A deadly plague that killed millions in Europe.

Nation-State

A country with a shared culture and centralized government.

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire that conquered Constantinople.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most famous Ottoman ruler.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior.

Mughal Empire

A Muslim empire that ruled much of India.

Akbar the Great

A Mughal ruler known for religious tolerance.

Shah Jahan

The Mughal ruler who built the Taj Mahal.

Ming Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty known for restoring Chinese rule.

Zheng He

A Chinese explorer who led naval expeditions.

Shinto

Japan's native religion focused on nature and ancestors.

Bushido

The code of conduct followed by samurai.

Zen Buddhism

A form of Buddhism emphasizing meditation.

Tokugawa Shogunate

A Japanese military government that isolated Japan.

Seclusion Policy

Japan's policy of limiting foreign contact.

Renaissance

A period of renewed interest in classical learning and culture.

Florence

A major center of the Renaissance.

Medici Family

A wealthy family that supported Renaissance artists.

Humanism

A Renaissance belief focusing on human potential and achievement.

Northern Renaissance

The spread of Renaissance ideas to northern Europe.

Martin Luther

A German monk who started the Protestant Reformation.