Parasites of Honey Bees, Fishes, and Aquatic Mammals

Flashcards based on lecture notes regarding the identification, disease association, and characteristics of parasites affecting honey bees, fish, and aquatic mammals.

Acarapis woodi

The scientific name of the honey bee tracheal mite that resides inside the breathing tubes and air sacs of adult bees.

Acariasis

The disease caused by Acarapis woodi where mites feed on bee hemolymph by piercing the tracheal wall.

Apis nigrocincta

A middle-sized cavity-nesting species of honey bee scientifically recognized as the Philippine honey bee.

Tropilaelaps spp.

A genus of mesostigmatid mites (Family Laelapidae) that serve as vectors for Deformed Wing Virus ($DWV$) but cannot feed on adult bees.

Tropilaelaps clareae

The specific species of Tropilaelaps that occurs in Apis mellifera within the Philippines.

Varroa destructor

A parasite belonging to the Family Varroidae currently considered the most destructive pathogen of honey bees worldwide.

Fat body tissue

The primary tissue or substance that Varroa destructor feeds on during its life cycle phase.

Bee parasitic mite syndrome

The clinical condition or syndrome complex, commonly called "brood disease," that Varroa mites contribute to.

Varroa sensitive hygiene ($VSH$)

A non-chemical control approach that involves selecting bee lines with natural resistance and behaviors targeting mite replication containment.

Aethina tumida

The African-originating small beetle that acts as a free-living predator and scavenger inside bee populations attracted to hive kairomones.

Sulphur dioxide

The chemical compound or gas applied to empty combs during storage to selectively kill all stages of the Small Hive Beetle.

Braula coeca

The scientific name of the "bee louse," a small, wingless reddish-brown fly residing mainly on the heads of queen and worker bees.

Braulidae

The specific family belonging to the suborder Brachycera that Braula coeca belongs to.

Vairimorpha apis

A microsporidian parasite (also known as Nosema apis) transmitted via the feco-oral route that aggravates dysentery signs in honey bees.

Honeycomb

The collective term for hexagonal wax cell sheets used by honey bees to store honey, pollen, and developing brood stages.

Ichthyobodo necator

A bi-flagellated kinetoplastid parasite responsible for causing costiosis (or ichthyobodosis) in various freshwater fish species.

Cell division / Replication

The physiological process indicated when Ichthyobodo necator reveals $4$ flagella instead of $2$ under a microscope.

Sleeping sickness of goldfish

The common name for a characteristic flagellate-induced clinical manifestation in goldfish.

Metalloprotease

The main histolytic virulence factor produced by Cryptobia salmositica that acts as an enzyme to degrade host fish tissues.

Isometamidium

The prophylactic and therapeutic chemical agent utilized against Cryptobia salmositica infections in salmonid hatcheries.

Hexamita spp.

An intestinal diplomonad flagellate with $6$ anterior flagella, $2$ posterior flagella, and $2$ axostyles associated with "hole in the head disease."

Theca

The overlapping cellulose plates (also called lorica) that support the outer covering of armored parasitic dinoflagellates.

Velvet disease

A highly contagious disease caused by Piscinoodinium or Amyloodinium, characterized by a gold-dust appearance on fish.

Theront

The infective, free-swimming stage (also called tomite) in the life cycle of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.

C-shaped macronucleus

The diagnostic horseshoe-shaped structure seen inside the mature trophont stage of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.

Cryptocaryon irritans

The saltwater counterpart of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis that causes "saltwater ich" and has a multilobular macronucleus.

Trichodina spp.

A genus of flat, disc-like ciliates featuring a chitinoid attaching disc with radially arranged hooked teeth or denticles.

Heteropolaria colisarum

A colonial, sessile ciliate (also known as Epistylis) that acts with Aeromonas hydrophila to cause red sore disease.

Pleistophora hyphessobryconis

A microsporidian parasite that infiltrates the skeletal muscles of the neon tetra (Hyphessobrycon innesi), causing paralysis.

Xenomas

Enormously hypertrophied host cells or tumor-like structures (also called Glugea cysts) caused by Glugea anomala.

Pseudoloma neurophila

The specific microsporidian species responsible for causing "skinny disease" of zebrafish.

Calyptospora funduli

A heteroxenous coccidial species that undergoes schizogony and gametogony in topminnow/killifish hepatocytes using grass shrimp as a host.

Crystallospora

A coccidial genus producing oocysts that resemble crystals, serving as an Eimeria-like variant in fish.

Longitudinal suture

The structural feature through which the sporocysts of the genus Goussia open.

Myxobolus cerebralis

A myxozoan parasite that invades the cartilage and perichondrium of salmonids, causing whirling disease.

Mud

The location where Myxobolus cerebralis spores obligatorily require a period of maturation to become infective to fish.

Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae

The causative agent of Proliferative Kidney Disease ($PKD$) in trout and salmon.

Fish lice

The common name of the dorso-ventrally flattened, green-yellow copepod parasites belonging to the genus Argulus.

Second pair of antennae

The modified anatomic structure used by the adult female "gill maggot" (Ergasilus) to clasp onto fish gill filaments.

Lernaea elegans

The scientific name for the "anchor worm" (alternatively Lernaea cyprinacea) which possesses an anchor-like process on its cephalic region.

Antarctophthirus trichechi

A species of louse infesting walruses that is adapted to aquatic environments via specialized body spines and scales.

Echinophthirius horridus

A seal louse species infesting earless seals that serves as the obligatory intermediate host for the seal heartworm.

Acanthocheilonema spirocauda

The scientific name of the seal heartworm (also known as Dipetalonema spirocauda).

Whale lice

The common name for amphipod crustaceans in the genus Cyamus that live as ectoparasites on whales.

Halarachninae

The specific subfamily containing the respiratory and nasal mesostigmatid mites Halarachne and Orthohalarachne.

Orthohalarachne basis capituli setae

Distinguishing feature characterized by having two ($2$) pairs of ventral setae on the basis capituli.

Orthohalarachne attenuata

The specific nasal cavity mite with a distinctly club-shaped posterior elongation that infests fur seals, sea lions, and walruses.

Respiratory tract

The habitat and anatomical location inside the gray seal host where Halarachne halichoeri is recovered.

Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii

Two apicomplexan protozoan parasites that act synergistically to cause brain swelling and encephalitis in dolphins and seals.

Australia

The major continent-country where Acarapis woodi is not reported, serving as a notable geographical exception.