CSD - Chapters 6 & 12

Source- filter theory... If a patient has a voice disorder, where is the difficulty? The source or the filter?

the source - larynx

Are voice disorders speech or language disorders?

speech disorders

Structural - Nodules

form in pairs at the point of maximum contact along the length of the vocal cords where the contact is the greatest
(like calluses from overuse)

Structural: Polyps

blisters connected to the vocal folds by a narrow stem, cover a large area of the vocal folds
- can occur from 1x VF abuse
- impedes full closure of the VF (makes voice breathy)

Structural: Contant ulcers

sites of ulceration at vocal processes (VF between Arytenoid Cartilages) (can occur from inapropriate low pitch)

Structural: Papillomas

warts on the skin or mucus membrane surface

Structural: Carcinoma

Cancer of the larynx which can occur from drinking or smoking

Neurological: Paralysis

results from nerve damage (to the 10th cranial nerve) and innervates all laryngeal muscles (not the cricoarytenoid) (can occur during neck or chest surgery)
(healing can include an increase vocal fold movement)

Neurological: Spasmodic dysphonia

disturbance in basal ganglia that causes disordered muscle tonicity
- involuntary muscle spasms

Non-Structural: Conversation aphonia/dysphonia

total loss of voice (A) or extremely abnormal voice (D) with no organic cause (psychogenic)

Non-Strucutral: Puberphonia

mutational falsetto, high pitch voice caused by prepubescent male (is it a learned behaviour)

Non-Structural: Muscle tension dysphonia

tension in laryngeal muscles (abduction and adduction) can result in hoarse voice

What is a stroboscopy?

slow motion technology that allows clinicians to examine the movement characteristics of the VF to determine any abnormalities that may have gone unnoticed otherwise (high speed flashes of light)
- A TYPE OF NASAL/LARYNGEAL ENDOSCOPY

What are the perceptual assessments looking at?

pitch (fundamental frequency), loudness, quality (muscle tension)

What is the difference between symptoms and signs?

Symptoms are characteristics a patient reports, and signs are characteristics that can be observed or tested by a clinician

What is a laryngectomy?

the surgical removal of the larynx which is then replaced by a version of an artificial larynx. Trachea is redirected to a hole in the neck (called a tracheal stoma)

What are 3 options for speech production following a laryngectomy?

1. artificial larynx
2. Esophageal speech
3. Tracheophageal speech

What are the three major components of language?

1. form
2. content
3. use

receptive is

comprehension

expressive is

production

Define phonology

the patterns of speech sounds or phonemes of a language and the rules for combining them

Define morphology

the system that governs the structure of words and the construction of word forms

Define syntax

the rules that pertain to the ways in which words can be combined to form sentences in a language

Define semantics

the meaning of language, understanding words, phrases, narratives, signs and symbols and their meanings

Define pragmatics

the use of appropriate communication in social situations

What is a language impairment?

impairment of comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, or symbol system

What are risk factor that are indicative of later language impairment in infants and toddlers?

low frequency in vocalisations, inaccurate phonology, understanding few words in context, restricted vocabulary size, lack of intentional socialisation, limited assertiveness and responsiveness

What are some disorders (diagnostic conditions) that are associated with language impairments?

ADHD, ASD, Intellectual disabilities (ID), or specific learning disorders (reading, writing, spelling, # facts, mathematical reasoning)

Why do SLPs calculate a child's chronological age?

to compare to other children of that age and create and compare against age norms (development between 0-36 months)

define transdisciplinary assessment

Professionals across multiple disciplines collaborate in conducting assessment and collect data at the same time

define multidisciplinary assessment

Professionals conduct independent evaluation and share results at an IEP meeting

what is the difference between norm-referenced assessment and criterion-referenced assessment?

the first focuses on how a child COMPARES to peers of the same age, the second focuses on pre-determined criteria that DESCRIBES the child's development over time

MLU

Mean length of utterance

IDEA

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (intervention and identification 0-19 years)

IEP

Individualized education program (drafted by people working with the child to meet their needs)

EBP

Evidence based practice (services that reflect the values, beliefs, and choices of the families and children working with SLPs)

What are two activities a clinician may include when implementing a literature -based language intervention approach?

1. Gilliam and Gilliam - teaching parts of a story (characters, setting, actions etc) then rereading and retelling the story.

2. Mini-lessons to target specific language forms/content related to the story that was read.

Vocal _________ are callous-like growths that often occur bilaterally on vocal folds, while ________ are blister-like growths that often occur unilaterally.

nodules, polyps

Botox injections are a common treatment for _____ _____, which causes involuntary spasms of the vocal folds.

Spasmodic dysphonia

during a laryngectomy, a hole is made at the front of the neck for an airway. It is called a _______

stoma

Air passes through the TEP, into the ______ and out of the mouth to produce tracheoesophageal speech.

esophagus

An important aspect of the treatment for vocal nodules is most likely:
a. chemotherapy
b. surgical removal of the vocal folds
c. radiation
d. vocal rest

d. vocal rest