Health 100 Exam 4

What determines a child’s sex?

the fathers fertilizing sperm

duration of pregnancy

38 to 40 weeks

Eggs carry what chromosome?/

x chromosome

Sperm carries what chromosome

Either x or Y chromosome

Male chromosome combination

XY

Female chromosome combination

XX

Intersexuality

A variety of conditions in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definition of male or female

• these are also called disorders of sexual development (DSD)

Gonads

The reproductive organs in men and women

• testes produce sperm in males

• ovaries produce eggs in females

Puberty

the period of sexual maturation

Crypotochidism

Males testicles not dropping

Females are born with all the eggs they will ever have

true

Pituitary gland

the endocrine gland that controls the release of hormones from gonads

Secondary sex characteristics

the characteristics associated with sex, but not directly related to reproduction, such as vocal pitch, body hair, and location of fat deposits

Gender

the characteristics and actions associated with being feminine or masculine as defined by the society in which one lives

Socialization

the process by which a society communicates behavioral expectations to its individual members

Gender roles

the expression of maleness or femaleness in everyday life

Gender-role stereotype

the generalizations concerning how men and women should express themselves the characteristics each possesses

Menarche

The onset of the first menstrual period (which normally occurs between 10 to 18 years or age)

Ovulation

the phase of the menstrual cycle at which the ovarian wall ruptures and releases a mature egg

Menstrual cycle

its three phases over an average 28 days

Menstrual problems

• premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

• premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

• dysmenorrhea

• toxi shock syndrome (TSS)

PMS

it is estimated that about 85% of menstruating women experience PMS every month, but symptoms are mild and short-lived for most

Menopause

the permanent cessation of menstruation; it generally occurs between ages 45 and 55

Menopause symptoms

it results in decreased estrogen levels, which may cause vaginal dryness, hot flashes, headaches, dizziness, and joint pain

Fertility

a person’s ability to reproduce

Conception

the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm

contraception

the methods of preventing conception

Perfect-use failure rate

is the number of pregnancies (per 100 users) that are likely to occur in the first year of use of a particular birth control method if the method is used consistently and correctly.

Typical-use failure rate

is the number of pregnancies (per 100 users) that are likely to occur in the first year of use of a particular birth control method if the method's use is not consistent or always correct.

Barrier methods

• The male condom

• The female condom

• Jellies, creams, foams, suppositories, and film

• The diaphragm

• The cervical cap

• The sponge

Hormonal method

birth control that depend on the use of synthetic estrogen and/or progesterone

Hormonal methods

• Oral contraceptives

• Progestin-only pills

• Contraceptive skin patch

• Vaginal contraceptive ring

• Contraceptive injections

• Contraceptive implants

Oral contraceptives

pills containing synthetic hormones that prevent ovulation by regulating hormones. They can be up to 99 percent effective with perfect use.

Combination pills

contain progesterone and estrogen

Minipills

contains only progesterone

Contraceptive skin patch

Ortho Evra is a patch that releases hormones similar to those in combination OCs. Each patch is worn for one week.

Can be worn on abdomen, upper outer arm, upper torso and buttocks

Vaginal contraceptive ring

NuvaRing contains both progestin and estrogen and is inserted into the vagina for three weeks

Contraceptive injections

Depo-Provera is an injectable method of birth control that lasts for 3 months

Contraceptive implants

Implanon is a single-rode implantable contraceptive that is inserted into the skin on the inner side of a woman’s upper underarm

Intrauterine contraceptives (IUD)

is a device, often T-shaped, that is implanted in the uterus toprevent pregnancy.
ParaGard, Mirena, and Skyla(a lower dose and smaller-sized version of Mirena) are the three IUDs currently available in the United States.

Emergency contraception

Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) are drugs taken within three days after unprotected intercourse in order to prevent fertilization or implantation

Tubal Ligation (Female sterilization)

is a form of sterilization that involves the cutting and tying off or cauterization of the fallopian tubes.

Hysterectomy (Female sterilization)

is the surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and sometimes also the ovaries and uterus

Male sterilization

Vasectomy is a form of sterilization that involves the cutting and tying off of both vasa deferential

64% of women who have abortions have them before 8 weeks

true

Abortion methods

• Surgical abortions

• Suction curettage

• Dilation and evacuation (D&E)

• Induced abortion

• Intact dilation and extraction (D&X)

• Medical abortions

• Mifepristone - RU486

STI

an infection that has not yet become a disease, it has treatment, and it is curable

STD

requires a more aggressive treatment and often a chronic condition, not curable

2024 STI in the US

1. Chlamydia

2. Gonorrhea

3. Syphilis

Almost half of all newly diagnosed cases of STI’s are in people 15-24 years old

true

STI can be transmitted by a person even if they do not have symptoms

true

Chlamydia

• Often presents no symptoms (80% females will have no symptoms)

• Most men have symptoms such as painful urination, penile discharge

• If left untreated, it can affect:

  • The prostate gland and seminal vesicles in men.

  • The cervix and fallopian tubes in women.

  • Arthritis-like symptoms, damage to the heart and blood vessels in both men and women.

• Easily treated with antibiotics

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

• Women infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis may develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

• Symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and unusual vaginal discharge.

• If left untreated, it increases risk for infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and recurrent upper genital infections

Gonorrhea

• More than 820,000 cases diagnosed each year

• Caused by bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Primarily infects the linings of the urethra, genital tract, pharynx, and rectum

• Most cases occur in individuals between the ages of 15 and 24.

• Treatment with antibiotics is available. If left untreated, it can cause sterility

Epididymitis

Swelling of the Epididymis

Syphilis

• Caused by a bacterial organism

• Progresses in stages:

  • In the primary stage, a chancre develops that disappears in 3 to 6 weeks.

  • In the secondary stage, 1 to 12 months after the chancre disappears, a rash or white patches on the skin appear and last a few weeks or months.

  • In the latent stage of infectious lesions, infection can be passed to a fetus (congenital syphilis).

  • In the late stage, heart damage, central nervous system damage, blindness, paralysis, and dementia occur.

  • Treatment with antibiotics is available

Herpes

• Caused by a virus

• Two types of HSV

  • HSV-1 (below waist)

  • HSV-2 (above waist)

• There is no cure for herpes, although some drugs can ease symptoms

Human papillomavirus & genital warts

Genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).

This is among the most common forms of STI, with 79 million Americans currently infected.

Two types
Genital warts
Flat warts

Infection with high-risk types of HPV poses a significant risk for cervical cancer in women

Treatments for genital warts include podophyllin, cryosurgery, simple excision, laser surgery, creams containing 5-fluorouracil, or interferon injections.

Currently two HPV vaccines are licensed by the FDA and recommended by the CDC

Gardasil is a vaccine (JMU only gives)

Candidiasis

• yeast infection

• called the “oral thrust” when in the mouth

• f the normal biochemical balance of the vagina is disturbed, these organisms multiply and cause the fungal disease called candidiasis.

• Symptoms include severe itching and burning and a white vaginal discharge.

• Antifungal drugs or suppositories cure candidiasis

Trichomoniasis

Symptoms in women include foamy, yellowish, unpleasant-smelling discharge accompanied by burning sensation, itching, and painful urination.

Most men do not have symptoms.

"Trich" is usually spread by sexual contact but can also be spread by toilet seats, wet towels, or other items with discharge on them.

"Trich" is diagnosed by determining the presence of the causative protozoan from a fluid sample. Treatment includes oral metronidazole (Flagyl) usually given to both sexual partners

Pubic lice may be spread by sexual contact

Symptoms include itching, bluish-gray skin color in the pubic region, and sores in the genital area

Treatment includes lice-killing lotions containing 1% permethrin or a mousse containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide. These products are available over-the-counter without a prescription at a local drug store or pharmacy.

Additional treatment involves washing all items such as bedding and towels that may be infected with eggs.

Scabies

is an itchy, highly contagious skin disease caused by an infestation by the itch mite

Direct skin-to-skin contact is the mode of transmission.

A severe and relentless itch is the predominant symptom of scabies.

Sexual contact is the most common form of transmission among sexually active young people

HIV/AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has affected 75 million people worldwide since 1981.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS.

About 35.3 million people are estimated to be living with HIV or AIDS.

In the United States, over 1 million people have been infected with HIV and about 15,000 people die from HIV/AIDS each year

In 2010, about 47,000 people in the United States (46 states) were diagnosed with HIV infection.

Today, people with HIV and any 1 of 25 indicator infections are likely to move to an AIDS diagnosis.

The most significant indicator of AIDS is a drop in CD4 cells to one fifth the level of a healthy person

Testing for Aids

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test detects the presence of HIV antibodies.

The Western blot test is a more expensive confirmatory test.

Positive results do not mean that the infected person will develop AIDS.

Early detection is important so that infected individuals can receive immediate treatment