lecture exam 2

coelom and viscera, circulatory systems..

layers of diaphragm

parietal peritoneum, skeletal MT, visceral peritoneum

Mesentery proper

Attaches jejunum and ileum to posterior body wall

Mesocolon

Attaches transverse colon and sigmoid colon to posterior body wall

Coronary ligament

Attaches liver to diaphragm

Falciform ligament

attaches liver to anterior body wall

Ligamentum tres hepatis

remnant of umbilical vein

Greater omentum

Attaches stomach to transverse colon

Lesser omentum

Attaches stomach to liver

Retroperitoneal

located behind parietal peritoneum

Intraperitoneal

wrapped in visceral peritoneum

Mucous membranes (mucosa)

lines cavities open to outside world, secretes mucous

serous membranes

lines certain internal cavities, secretes watery serous fluid

3 germ layers

Ectoderm- epidermis and nervous system. Mesoderm- coelom, notochord (intervertebral discs) and somite (bone and muscle). Endoderm- Organs open to outside world (most of mucosa, gut tube)

Embryology

ovulation, fertilization, cleavage (blastocyst results), gastrulation (3 germ layers results)

pulmonary circuit

(Right side of heart) Receives deoxygenated blood goes to lungs

systemic circuit

(left side of heart) Receives oxygenated blood and brings to rest of body

gap junctions

allow for contraction

continuous capillary

In lungs (diffusion of gases) and in brain forms barrier

Fenestrated capillary

filtration in kidney and absorption in intestinal tract

sinusoidal capillary

Allow for exchange between blood and tissues, found in liver, spleen (in lymph nodes) in bone marrow

Anastomosis

Connection between vessels supplying same region

Portal system

2 capillary beds in a row

Proteins of blood

Albumin, globulins (antibodies), fibrinogen

Two main components of blood

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

Hemopoiesis

In red bone marrow forms all formed elements of blood (platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells)

Another word for platelets

Thrombocytes

B lymphocytes

Turn into plasma cells, live in lymphatic tissue, secrete antibodies

T helper lymphocytes

Activated by antigen presentation, secretes cytokines (stimulates macrophages, activates cytotoxic T and B lymphocytes)

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

kill virally infected and cancer cells

Functions of lymphatic system

Immunity and protection, circulation, transports dietary lipids from small intestine back to blood

lymphocytes

White blood cells in charge of specific immune response

lymphatic tissue

made of reticular CT with suspended cells

Lymphatic nodules

Patches of lymphatic tissue (tonsils and appendix)

Lymphatic vessels

Thoracic duct, cisterna chyli, right lymphatic duct, lacteals

Lymphatic organs

WFCT capsule and stroma (Spleen, thymus, red bone marrow)

lymphatic capillaries

prevents edema by draining plasma from capillaries (contains interstitial fluid)

Splenic sinosoids

Capillaries that allow for exchange of red blood cells and waste

Splenic chords

Blood reservoir, stores red blood cells and platelets

White pulp

Monitors arterial blood for antigens (Contains B and T lymphocytes and macrophages

Lymph node

Filters lymph and initiates immune response

Function of nervous system

Communication, coordination, control

organ of PNS

Nerve

Neurons

Generate electrical impulses and communicate them

Neuroglia (glial cells)

Hold neurons together (support neurons)

Nervous tissue

Made of gray matter and white matter forms organs of nervous system

Ganglia

Clusters of neuron cell bodies

Nerve

Bundle of axons of neurons

CNS

Control center (Brain and spinal cord)

PNS

Delivers information to or from CNS (Nerves, ganglia, receptors)

General sensory

Pain, touch, pressure, proprioception (doesn’t require special organ)

Sensory division of PNS

Sends information

Special sensory

Vision, smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium (Requires organ)

Motor division of PNS

Receives information and delivers to effectors

Somatic motor

Voluntary, conscious or subconscious (balance, breathing)

Autonomic (visceral) motor

Involuntary, cardiac MT, smooth MT, glands (adipose CT )

Sympathetic (Autonomic motor)

Fight or flight response. Ganglions form a chain (pre- short, post- long)

Parasympathetic (autonomic motor)

Maintains homeostasis (pre- long post-short, no chain)

Synapse

Between neurons or an effector (They don’t actually touch, there’s a synaptic kleft)

Sensory receptors

Convert one form of energy into another (light, pressure, smell, sound into action potential)

Reflex

Rapid programmed response to a stimulus (Brain is not required integrated at spinal cord, CNS)

Dendrites

Receive and transport electrical signal to cell body of neuron

Projections

Anything that sticks off cell body of neuron

Nissl bodies of neuron

Synthesize proteins (Within cell body) Rough ER and free ribosomes

Axon hillock

Where cell body connects axon

Sensory neurons

(PNS) Monitor internal and external environment (general- unipolar special- bipolar)

Motor neurons

(PNS) Activates an effector (glands, smooth MT, skeletal MT)

Astrocyte

(CNS) physical support for neurons and capillaries.

Blood-brain barrier

Formed by Astrocytes. Protects nervous tissue from toxins and pathogens

Ependymal cells

??.?.?

Interneurons

(CNS) Integrates, sensory input to produce motor output (Thought)

Cerebrospinal fluid

Lines hollow spaces, Central canal and ventricles.