Unit 7 APHUG Vocab

Agglomeration

Clustering of businesses to share labor, services, and infrastructure

Break of bulk point

A break-of-bulk point in AP Human Geography is a strategic location where transported goods are transferred between different modes of transport (e.g., ship to rail, train to truck). These points are crucial for trade, often resulting in economic hubs like ports and cities where large shipments are broken down into smaller, more manageable units for distribution.

Bulk reducing industry

An industry where products weigh less than the inputs

Bulk gaining industry

An industry where products gain volume and weight during production

Cottage industry

Small scale manufacturing located in homes

Dual economies

An economy with an export oriented sector alongside a traditional subsistence sector

Industry

The production of goods and services within an economy

Economic sectors

Divisions of economic activity

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services

Industrial park

An area planned for industrial development

Industrial Revolution

The rapid development of industry

Industrialization

The process of developing machine production of goods

Least cost theory

Weber’s model of industrial location to minimize transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs

Postindustrial economy

An economy transitioning from manufacturing to service based

Primary sector

The direct extraction, harvesting, and collection of natural resources

Quaternary sector

A subset of the tertiary sector focused on information

Quinary sector

The highest level of decision making

Raw materials

Basic materials from which a product is made

Secondary sector

The sector that processes raw materials into finished goods

Tertiary sector

The sector providing services

Commodity dependence

A country depending heavily on primary commodities

Dependency theory

The idea of resources flowing from a periphery state to a core state

Formal sector

The part of an economy that is taxed, monitored, and regulated by the government

Gender Development Index (GDI)

A UN index measuring gender gaps in human development

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A UN statistic measuring inequality in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of all final goods and services

Gross National Income (GNI)

The total domestic and foreign output

Gross National Product (GNP)

The total value of goods and services produced by a country’s citizens and companies

Human development

The process of enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well being

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite statistic ranking countries by human development

Informal sector

Economic activities not monitored, taxed, or regulated by the government

Labor market participation (LMP)

The percentage of the working age population that is employed or seeking employment

Microloan

A small, low interest loan given to individuals, often women, to start a business

Stages of economic growth

A five stage model describing how countries modernize

Women’s empowerment

The process of increasing the capacity of women to make strategic life choices and access opportunities

Comparative advantage

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a specific good or service at a lower opportunity cost

Complementarity

A trade relationship where one place has a surplus of a needed resource, good, or service and another has a deficit or demand for that item

Deindustrialization

The reduction or removal of industrial activity

Ecotourism

Responsible travel that conserves the environment

Export processing zone (EPZ)

A specific area within a country designed to attract foreign investment

Fordism

A system of industrial production named after Henry Ford, characterized by assembly line mass production

Free trade zone (FTZ)

A specific area where goods can be handled, manufactured, or reconfigured without customs authorities or import duties

Growth pole

A concentration of high growth

International division of labor

The spatial distribution of industrial activities where production is outsourced from more developed countries to less developed countries with lower labor costs

Just in time delivery

A production system where components and raw materials are delivered to the factory in the exact amount needed

Multiplier effect

A location where cargo is broken down from large-volume shipping (containers) to smaller, individual units for inland distribution

Neoliberalism

An economic ideology that promotes free market capitalism

Offshore outsourcing

Hiring external organizations or moving production to foreign countries to take advantage of lower labor costs

Post Fordism

A system of modern production that replaced Fordism

Special economic zone (SEZ)

A region in a country with economic regulations and laws different from the rest of the country