STM 008 - Ben

Genetics

- The branch of science dealing with the transfer of genetic material from the parents of offspring, patterns of inheritance, and variation of character

Inheritance

- The process of passing the characters of parents to progeny and is the basis of Heredity

Variation

-  The degree of difference between parents and progeny

Aristotle

- Father of Biology

Homeostasis

- Any self-regulating process which by biological system tend to maintain stability while adjusting to condition that are optimal for survival

Dynamic equilibrium

- Which continues change occurs yet relatively uniform conditions prevail

Heredity

- Refers to the genetic heritage passed down by our biological parents
- These traits can be physical, such as eye color, blood type, or disease. It can be behavioral as well

Growth

- All living things grow and develop

Movement

To classify an organism as living, it must exhibit some form of?

Adaptation

- Adaptability involves the traits that help a living organism survive in its environment 

- The ability is fundamental of evolution and is determined by organism’s genetics, diet, and other external factors

Response to stimuli

- Ability that every organism has, and that is to sense and to react to stimuli

Stimuli

- Is a detectable change in the internal or external environment

Response

-  Is elicited when there is a change in the organisms resulting from the detection of a stimulus

Stimulus

- Is the one reason behind every action or response

Reproduction

- Is the process by which plants and animals produce offspring
-  There are two main forms: Sexual and Asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction

- An organisms combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique. 

Asexual reproduction

- One parents copy itself to form a genetically identical offspring

Nutrition

- Refers to the activities by which living things obtain raw materials from the environment and transport them into their cells

Nutrients

- All the elements and compounds taken in by living things

Autotrophic

- Plants
- Can produce their own food

Heterotrophic

- Animals (consumers_

Photoautotroph

- Can make their own food using sunlight through photosynthesis

Chemoautotroph

- Create their own energy and biological materials from inorganic chemicals

Saprophytic

- From decaying organic materials

Parasitic

- Lives in the body of other organism

Herbivores

- Organism that feed on plant

Carnivores

- Organisms that feed on other organisms

Omnivores

- Organisms that feed on both plants and other animals

Mechanism for Gas Exchange

- All living things obtain energy they need by metabolizing energy-rich compounds, such as carbohydrates and fats
- This metabolism takes place by respiration, or process the requires oxygen

Cellular Respiration

- Aerobic respiration; requires oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

- Released by exhalation; waste product of respiration

Irritability

- An excitation response to stimuli

Stimuli

- Anything that will cause an organism to react

Thermotropism

- In response to a directional source of heat

Phototropism

- Response of plant to light source

Geotropism

- Response of plant to gravity

Thigmotropism

- Bending in response to a touch stimulus

Hydrotropism

- Growth of plant towards moisture

Aerotaxis

- Movement of organisms caused by changes in oxygen concentration

Phototaxis

- Stimulus of light

Geotaxis

- In response to the force of gravity

Thigmotaxis

- Stimulus of touch

Chemotaxis

- Response to chemical stimulus

Phytes

- Taxonomic group of plants or algae

HYGROPHYTES

-  Moisture loving plants

MESOPHYTES

- Plants adapted to a habitat with adequate water

XEROPHYTES

-  Plants adapted to a dry habitat

HALOPHYTES

- Plants adapted to a salty habitat

HYDROPHYTES

- Adapted to more or less permanently immersed water

Living together

- Spending time with other members

Migration

- Animals move from one region to another

Hibernation

- Deep sleep wherein animal’s body temperature drops; conserve energy

Artificial Bigness

- They try to appear larger

Camouflage

- Helps animals hide from predators; match surroundings

Mimicry

- Allows animal to sound, act, or look like another animal

Phototropism

- one important light response in plants

Positive Phototropism

- is growth of plants towards a light source 

Negative Phototropism

- is growth away from light 

Chemical Reaction

- takes place in the cells of living organisms

Homeostasis

-  is the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain equilibrium, usually through a system of feedback controls

Feedback Mechanisms

- are the general mechanism of nervous or hormonal regulation in animals

Negative feedback

- is when the response diminishes the original stimulus

Positive feedback

-  is when the response enhances the original stimulus

Positive

- occurs when a stimulus creates a chain reaction that amplifies as it goes on

Negative

- occurs when a stimulus happens and triggers the organism to counteract the stimulus

Stimulus

-  The change from ideal or resting conditions

Receptor/Detector

- The cells or tissue which detects the change due to the stimulus

Relay

- The transmission of the message, via nerves or hormones or both, to the effector

Effector

- The cells or tissue, usually a gland or muscles, which cause the response to happen

Response

- An action, at cell, tissue or whole organism level which would not have occurred in the absence of the stimulus

Feedback

- The consequence of the response on the stimulus. May be positive or negative

Negative feedback

- is most common in biological systems

Excretion

-  is the process by which waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism

Vertebrates

- primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys and skin

Dejecta

- excreted material is called?

Excretory System

-  involves the removal of wastes that pass through a membrane or wastes that are result from metabolic processes

 Kidney

-  excretion of nitrogenous wastes, excess water, salts and spices

 Lungs

- carbon dioxide, spices and water 

 Skin

- Water and salts

Respiration

- breakdown of a glucose molecule to make ATP so our cell can perform chemical reaction

Gregor Mendel

- through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance

The Law of Segregation

- Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair

The Law of Independent Assortment

- Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another

The Law of Dominance

- An organism with alternative forms of a gene will express the form that is dominant

Punnett Square

- used to know: genotype and phenotype after genetic cross, know the possible traits that could be inherited

Genotype

– genetic code, allele combinations

Phenotype

- physical appearance/properties/ expression of gene

Trait

- any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring

Heredity

 - passing of traits from parent to offspring

Genetics

- study of heredity

Genes

- a hereditary unit consisting of DNA that occupies a spot on a chromosome and determines a characteristic in an organism

DNA

-  is the genetic make up of an organism that can either be from the trait of one of his/her parent

Monohybrid cross

- cross involving a single trait

Dihybrid cross

- cross involving two traits

Alleles

- Combines two forms of genes (dominant and recessive)

Dominant

- stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid; represented by a capital letter (R)

Recessive

- gene that shows up less often in a cross;

represented by a lowercase letter (r)

Genotype

-  gene combination for a trait (ex. RR, Rr, rr)

Phenotype

- the physical feature resulting from a genotype

Homozygous genotype

- gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (ex. RR or rr)
- also called pure