Hydrolysis of haloalkanes by nucleophilic subsitution

Nucleophile

Lone pair of electrons, which is attracted to an electron-deficient carbon atom.

Electron deficient carbon atoms have either a full positive charge or a partial positive charge

What does a nucleophile donate

The lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond between the nucleophile and the carbon atom

Where does the hydroxide ion form a covalent bond

To the electron deficient carbon atom, covalent bond formed to the side opposite the halogen atom

Why is the covalent bond/ OH ion forming a bond from the opposite side to the halogen atom

It experiences less repulsion

What does the curly arrow represent

The movement of electrons

What happens at the same time the OH donates electrons

The covalent bond between the carbon atom and halogen atom breaks, with the pair of electrons moving onto the halogen atom

What conditions are needed

Aqueous solution of hydroxide ions, ethanol to make haloalkane soluble

How to increase the rate of this reaction

Heat it

Why can ammonia act as a nucleophile

It has a lone pair of electrons, which can form a covalent bond to the carbon atom. 2 step nucleophilic substitution