NASM chapter 6: Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive System

The cardiorespiratory system

Composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs and airways

The cardiovascular system

A system of the body, also known as the circulatory system, that transports blood to tissues of the body

Mediastinum

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains the internal organs of the chest

Cardiac muscle

Muscle of the heart

Skeletal muscle

Connects to bones and generated the forces that create movement

Smooth muscle

An involuntary non restricted muscle type that is found in organs

Myofibrils

The contractile component of a muscle cell

Sarcomere

The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two-Z lines

Atrium (atria)

Superior chamber(s) of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart

Ventricle

Inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body

Left side of the heart-Systemic

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs that is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide

Right side of the heart-Pulmonary

Receives blood from the body that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide

Intercalated discs

Found in the heart, help hold together muscle cells

Resting heart beat (RHR)

The number of heart beats per minute while at complete rest

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Located in the right atrium, initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Located between the atria and ventricles, delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles

Normal resting heart rate

60-100 beats per minute

Stroke volume

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

End-diastolic volume

The filled volume of the ventricle before contraction.

End-systolic volume

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection

Heart rate

The measurement of the number of times a heart beats within a specific time period (usually 1 minute)

Bradycardia

When the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute

Tachycardia

When the heart rate is more than 100 beats per minute

Cardiac output (Q)

The overall performance of the heart (heart rate x stroke volume)

Blood

Fluid that circulates the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, it carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also transports waste products from the body to other compartments

Growth factors

Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after an injury

Stem cells

Cells that divide and develop into specialized cells, such as brain cells, blood cells, heart cells, and bone cells

Blood vessels

Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart and to the lungs

Arterioles

Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and tissues

Venules

Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins

Vasculogensis

The formation of new capillaries

Angiogenesis

The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels

Veins

Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and then to the lungs

Venous pooling

The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow through the veins (venous return) or backflow

Blood pressure (BP)

The outward pressure exerted by the blood on vessel walls, reported as systolic/diastolic

Peripheral resistance

The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Normal blood pressure

Systolic <120 and diastolic <80

Elevated

Systolic 120-129 and diastolic <80

Stage 1

Systolic 130-139 or diastolic 80-89

Stage 2

Systolic ≥140 or diastolic ≥90

Hypertensive crisis

Systolic >180 and/or diastolic >120

Respiratory system

A bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs into the outside air; includes airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles.

Respiratory pump

Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration

Bones in structure of respiratory pump

Sternum (breastbone), ribs, Vertebra (spine)

Inspiration muscles in structure of respiratory pump

Diaphragm, external intercostals (muscles between individual ribs), scalenes (side of neck muscles), sternocleidomastoid (front of neck muscle), pectoralis minor (smaller chest muscle)

Expiration muscles in structure of respiratory pump

Internal intercostals (muscles between individual ribs), abdominals

Valsalva maneuver

A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intrabdominal pressure and spine stability

Diffusion

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body

Tachypnea

Respiratory rate that is too fast, greater than 24 breaths per minute

Bradypnea

Respiratory rate that is too slow, fewer than 8 breaths per minute

Dyspnea

Shortness of breath or labored breathing

Diaphramic breathing

Breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area

Main role of the respiratory system

Ensure proper cellular function

Lipolysis

The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy

Enzyme

A substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change

Glands

Organs that release substances into the bloodstream (such as hormones) or other surfaces of the body

Hormone

Chemical messenger released from a gland that travels to activate a specific function

Target (receptor) cells

Cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme, target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated

Hypothalamus

A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Secretes melatonin, located in the brain

Pancreas

Produces insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices

Thyroid gland

Located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin

Pituitary gland

Controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone

Adrenal gland

Located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol

Reproductive glands

Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions

Insulin

Hormone secreted by the pancreas which is responsible for glucose metabolism

Glucogen

Secreted by the pancreas, regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin

Substrates

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate

Glycogen

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate

Growth hormone

Anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development

Catecholamines

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response

Catabolic

Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy

Gluconeogenesis

Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats)

Anabolic

Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)

Anabolic hormone produced y the liver, which is responsible for growth and development

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest

Calcitonin

Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density

Glucose intolerance

A condition that results in elevated blood glucose levels

Gall bladder

Located below liver on right side of body, receives bile from the liver and secretes it into the duodenum

Liver

Produces bile which is stored and concentrated in the gall blader prior to release into the duodenum

Large intestine function

Absorption of food and passage of waste into the rectum

Motility

Movements of anatomical structure that allows contents to pass through

Mastication

Chewing

Peristalsis

Processing of food into a structure that can be absorbed

Chyme

Mass of food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine

Duodenum

Part of small intestine

Jejunum

Second part of the small intestine

lleum

Lower end of the small intestine, leads to large intestine

Frank Starling Law of the Heart

Increased ventricular filling improves contractile force of the heart as a result of greater stretch of cardiac fibers

Location of the heart

Central to the left, anterior to the spine

Overtraining can cause

Higher levels of cortisol and a catabolic environment

Acute increases in hormones are stimulated by

High intensity, overload training, with minimal rest

Time under tension of any muscle contraction does what?

Increases anabolic hormone secretion