LSU GEOG 2051 Exam 1 Namikas (you won't regret studying this)

Craton

large, stable block of crust forming the nucleus of a continent. L

Shield

is generally a large area of exposed Precambrian crystalline igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that form tectonically stable areas. In all cases, the age of these rocks is greater than 570 million years and sometimes dates back 2 to 3.5 billion years.

Terrane

A fault bounded area or region with distinctive stratigraphy

Relief

Difference in elevation between any two points

Topographic regions

The shape, height, and depth of the land surface in a place or region.

Endogenic

Forms beneath the surface

Exogenic

Forms above the surface

Mafic

What kind of magma is a silicate mineral or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron, and is thus a portmanteau of magnesium and ferric. Also has a dark color.

Felsic

What kind of magma are igneous rocks that are relatively rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz. A lighter color.

Viscosity

state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction.

Effusive

What type of volcanic eruption is usually gentle where lava flows out steadily and slowly. Still obviously dangerous bc lava is f*cking hot though

Explosive

What type of volcanic eruption is a violent and catastrophic, with pyroclastic flows and raining fragmented rocks? Think Mt. St. Helens, Krakatoa, Pompeii - you will die in the immediate vicinity

Hot Spots

are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. They may be on, near to, or far from tectonic plate boundaries. Can house a super volcano underneath that can destroy civilizations. Ex: See the Doom of Valyria

Flood/plateau basalt eruptions

is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.

Shield Volcano

a broad, domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava. Think of pimple with pus deep under.

Composite Volcano

is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. Think whitehead pimple ready to go

Pyroclast(ic)

relating to, consisting of, or denoting fragments of rock erupted by a volcano. The materials after a popped pimple.

Ash

refer to all explosive eruption products (correctly referred to as tephra), including particles larger than 2mm. pokemon master

lapilli

Rock fragments ejaculated from volcanoes

Volcanic Bomb

is a mass of molten rock (tephra) larger than 64 mm (2.5 inches) in diameter, formed when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption. They cool (like g's) into solid fragments before they reach the ground. Surely could kill one.

Vent

is that spot in the Earth's crust where gases, molten rock, lava and rocks erupt. Can be at the top of some of the largest volcanoes on Earth, like Hawaii's Mauna Kea, or they can be openings in the Earth's crust down at the bottom of the ocean. Picture something like a nasal cavity

Caldera

a large cauldron-like depression that forms following the evacuation of a magma chamber/reservoir. When large volumes of magma are erupted over a short time period, structural support for the crust above the magma chamber is lost. Resembles a crater like structure.

nuee ardente

highly destructive, fast (af) moving, incandescent mass of gas-enveloped particles that is associated with certain types of volcanic eruptions. Death is likely, can't gtfo

Fault

is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movement. Can also be found in the Stars

Seismic wave

the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs. A fat joke

P-Waves

are a type of elastic wave, and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves, called seismic waves in seismology, that travel through a continuum and are the first waves from an earthquake to arrive at a seismograph. (primary)

S-Waves

secondary waves, or shear waves (sometimes called an elastic S-wave) are a type of elastic wave, and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object, unlike surface waves. MORE damaging than the other type of waves.

Elastic Rebound Theory

is an explanation for how energy is spread during earthquakes. As rocks on opposite sides of a fault are subjected to force and shift, they accumulate energy and slowly deform until their internal strength is exceeded.

Asperities

is an area on a fault that is stuck. The earthquake rupture usually begins at an asperity. This bish WON'T move

Focus

The location where the earthquake begins. The ground ruptures at this spot, then seismic waves radiate outward in all directions.

Epicenter

The point on the Earth's surface located directly above the focus of an earthquake

Foreshock

a mild tremor preceding the violent shaking movement of an earthquake.

Aftershock

Many of these usually follow after a large earthquake. All bark, 60% bite

Mercalli scale

is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake. It measures the effects of an earthquake. Example, 1-2 on the scale not felt, 4-5 felt, trees sway, 8 - widespread catastrophic

Magnitude/Richter scale

mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes. The magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs. Each level is 10x stronger than the previous. Also timely measures such as : yearly, rarely, every 1,000 years

dilatancy

The property of a viscous suspension which sets solid under the influence of pressure. (geology) Expansion of deformed masses of granular material, such as sand, due to rearrangement of the component grains.

Tension

refers to a stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. The rocks become longer in a lateral direction and thinner in a vertical direction. One important result of tensile stress is jointing in rocks.

Compression

refers to a set of stress directed toward the center of a rock mass. Compressive strength refers to the maximum compressive stress that can be applied to a material before failure occurs. Like a girl pushing you over the edge

Fold

occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation. sandwhich

Strike

is the direction of the line formed by the intersection of a rock surface with a horizontal plane. 3 ____ you're out

Dip

is the acute angle that a rock surface makes with a horizontal plane. Couuuuuuuuuuuuntry

Strike and Dip

______ and ________ are always perpendicular to each other on a map

Plunge

The angle of inclination of the axis, as measured from the horizontal, is called the ___________. Also, google geological plunge - insightful af

Anticline

a ridge-shaped fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope downward from the crest. Picturing example - picture a two humped camel - the two raised humps are anticlines and the dip between is a suncline

Syncline

a trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis. Picturing example - picture a two humped camel - the two raised humps are anticlines and the dip between is a suncline

Static equilibrium

Everything is constant and fixed

50% (near)

What is the percentage of oxygen is in the crust?

25%

What is the percentage of oxygen in the crust?

Oxygen and Silicon

What are the two most common elements in the Earth's crust?

Shorter

Hot temperature results in ________ wave lengths?

Nebular Hypothesis

the theory that the solar and stellar systems were developed from a primeval nebula.