Tissues Chapter 4 Lecture Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the primary tissue types, their classifications, characteristics, and repair processes based on Chapter 4 lecture notes.

TISSUSE

A group of cells and cell products that are specialized to perform a common or related function.

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

The process by which cells become progressively more specialized and mature.

FOUR PRIMARY TISSUE TYPES

1. Epithelium, 2. Connective Tissue, 3. Nervous Tissue, 4. Muscle Tissue.

APICAL SURFACE

The side of epithelial cells that faces the outside world or internal environment.

BASAL SURFACE

The side of epithelial cells facing the underlying surface.

LATERAL SURFACES

The sides of epithelial cells facing adjacent cells.

BASAL LAMINA

The layer of the basement membrane next to the epithelia that is secreted by epithelial cells.

RETICUULAR LAMINA

The layer of the basement membrane secreted by the underlying connective tissue.

AVASCULAR

A characteristic of epithelial tissues meaning they do not have blood vessels, except for endocrine glands which are richly vascular.

Simple epithelia

Epithelial tissue consisting of one cell layer, used primarily for absorption and secretion.

Stratified epithelia

Epithelial tissue consisting of two or more cell layers, which is thicker and more protective.

Squamos

Flat cells with a fried egg shape, featuring a flat cytoplasm with a bulging nuclear region.

Cuboidal

Cells that are about as tall as they are wide.

Columnar

Cells that are tall and thin.

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIA

A tissue type appearing to have multiple layers because nuclei are at different heights, though all cells rest on the basal membrane; lines part of the respiratory and male reproductive tracts.

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

Consists of multiple layers that change from cuboidal to squamous as the tissue stretches; found in most of the urinary tract.

EXOCRINE gland

A gland with product secreted from the apical surface onto an external surface or into an internal cavity.

ENDOCRINE gland

A gland that is highly vascular and secretes hormones into the extracellular space surrounding the gland.

GOBLET CELLS

Unicellular glands scattered among other epithelial cells that secrete mucus onto the surface.

MEROCRINE Method

The most common mode of secretion where the cell secretes by exocytosis, such as in the pancreas and sweat glands.

HOLOCRINE Method

A mode of secretion where the whole cell fills with vesicles and then ruptures to release its product, such as sebaceous glands.

APOCRINE Method

A mode of secretion where the apical portion of the cell fills with vesicles and then pinches off and ruptures.

MESENCHYME

The stem cell common origin from which all diverse types of connective tissue derive.

Matrix

The extracellular and non-living material of connective tissue, consisting of fibers suspended in ground substance.

Fibroblasts

Blast cells of connective tissue proper that make fibers.

Chondroblasts

Blast cells of supportive connective tissue that make cartilage.

Osteoblasts

Blast cells of supportive connective tissue that make bone.

Hemopoietic cells

Blast cells of fluid connective tissue that make blood.

Mesenchymal cells

The stem cells of all connective tissue found in embryos and umbilical cord (Wharton’s Jelly).

COLLAGEN

The most prominent fiber in connective tissue, appearing as dense bundles with high tensile strength.

RETICULAR fibers

Thin collagen fibers arranged in networks that create a 3D framework in solid organs like the liver and spleen.

ELASTIC fibers

Fibers composed of the protein elastin that allow connective tissue to recoil to its original size.

GROUND SUBSTANCE

A component of the matrix composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans.

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

The most generalized loose connective tissue that underlies most epithelia and binds tissues and organs together.

STROMA

The internal framework of solid organs, such as the liver or spleen, formed by reticular tissue.

HYALINE CARTILAGE

The most common cartilage type; firm but slightly pliable, appearing as bubble-like cells that cluster together.

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

Resilient cartilage similar to hyaline but with abundant dark granular elastic fibers; found in the ear pinna and epiglottis.

FIBROCARTILAGE

The toughest cartilage type with high tensile strength and compressibility, containing rows of chondrocytes and dense collagen fibers.

PLASMA

The matrix of blood containing dissolved fibers used in clotting and ground substance (serum).

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE

The skin, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and deep dense irregular connective tissue.

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

The moist lining of tracts open to the exterior, composed of stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium over areolar connective tissue (lamina propria).

SEROUS MEMBRANE

Membranes of internal cavities not open to the outside world that secrete watery serous fluid; includes the pleural and peritoneal cavities.

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

An incomplete layer of fibroblasts and macrophages over areolar connective tissue that lines joint cavities and secretes synovial fluid.

Neuron

Nervous tissue cells that generate and transmit electrical signals, usually possessing numerous cellular extensions like axons.

Glial cells

Non-conducting support cells, also known as neuroglia, that insulate and protect neurons.

SKELETAL MUSCLE

Voluntary, striated muscle characterized by long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells.

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Involuntary, striated muscle characterized by short branching uninucleate cells joined by intercolated discs.

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Involuntary, non-striated muscle characterized by spindle-shaped uninucleate cells with oval-appearing nuclei.

INFLAMMATION

Stage 1 of tissue repair where chemicals signal immune cells to enter damaged tissue via increased capillary permeability.

ORGANIZATION

Stage 2 of tissue repair where granulation tissue (capillaries and fibroblasts) replaces damaged tissue.

FIBROSIS

A process in larger wounds or non-regenerative tissue where destroyed tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue scar tissue.