Final exam overview (all exam reviews)

Identify the flow meter on this image

E

2.5 kg cat; what is the minimum O2 flow rate in a non-rebreathing system?

500 ml/min

ECG lead placement

White on right thoracic limb, black on left thoracic limb, red on right pelvic limb

Most common anesthetic concerns

1. Hypotension

2. Hypoventilation

3. Hypoxemia

4. Hypothermia

What is the best definition for anesthesia

Reversible, drug-induced, depression of the CNS

3 active methods for rewarming a patient

1. Circulating water blanket

2. Forced-air blankets

3. IVF warming

What type of heat loss is expressed when alcohol dries after skin prep

Evaporation

5 signs of anesthetic depth

1. Loss of butt tone

2. Loss of jaw tone

3. Ventral medial eye rotation

4. Normal cardiac signs

5. No palpebral reflex

What heating source should you NEVER use to warm a patient

Electric blankets

2.5 kg animal with 3ml/kg/hr rate at 60dr/mL

1 drop per 8 seconds

• 2.5kg x 3ml/kg/hr = 7.5 ml/hr

• 7.5ml/hr x 60 dr/ml= 450 dr/hr

• 450 dr/3600 sec= 0.125 drop/sec

  • 1/0.125= 8 sec

Applications of ETCO2

1. Respiration rate

2. Knowing if ETT is placed correctly

3. Knowing if obstruction

4. CPR

13 lb pet; 9microg/kg; 0.1 mg/ml

13lb/2.2lb= 5.91kg

5.91kg x 9 microg/kg= 53.19 microg

53.19 microg / 1000microg = 0.053 mg

0.053mg / 0.1 mg= 0.53 mL

Function of pulse oximeter

Indirectly quantifies saturation of Hb

What drug results in more active eye signs?

Ketamine

What is the main problem with giving high O2 rates in a non re-breathing system

Hypothermia

Which in image is the reservoir bag

image

What gases can be absorbed by passive scavenging (air canister)

• Isoflurane

• Sevoflurane

ASA PS with a severe disease that is a threat to life and presents as an emergency

IV E

What type of heat loss is through electromagnetic waves

Radiation

What system to use on a patient that weighs more than 3 kg

Rebreathing

Diagnostics for geriatric patients

• UA

• CBC

• CHEM

Cat with chronic pain, best treatment option

Weight loss/obesity management

Which is an example of secondary hyperalgesia

Pain in uninjured tissue that’s next to injured tissue

What drug acts on the EP4 receptor

Gapiprant

What drug is used for greyhounds to induce clot formation, platelets, etc

Aminocaproic acid

What receptor does propofol act on

GABAA

Drug that is a clear 1% solution acting on GABAA receptor that can be given IV or IM

Alfaxalone

Sequence of pain pathway

Transduction, transmission, modulation, projection, perception

Physical exam technique used for chronic pain

Myofascial palpation

Drug that is an NMDA antagonist

Ketamine

Which part of pain pathway is conversion of noxious stimuli to electrical signals

Transduction

Resource for meat and milk withdrawal times

FARAD

Which inhalant is the least metabolized

Isoflurane

Which of these is a hypertonic solution

7% sodium chloride

What should a normal dose be reduced by for a dog with the ABCB1 gene mutation

25-50%

Dexmedetomidine dose for cat that is 8lbs; 7 micrograms/kg; 0.5mg/mL

0.025 mg, 0.05 mL

• 8lb/2.2lb= 3.64 kg

• 3.64kg x 7 micorgrams/kg= 25.45 micrograms

• 25.35 micrograms/1000 micrograms= 0.025 mg

• 0.025mg/0.5mg= 0.05mL

Define MAC

Minimum alveolar concentration

What drug is part of the triple dip for horses

Guaifenesin

What percent of body weight is extracellular water

30%

Organ most likely to develop edema with too much IV fluids

Lungs

Which receptor is most involved in chronic pain

NMDA

Which drug class blocks COX

NSAIDs

Majority of blood volume is in which vessel types

Venules and veins

Nerve fibers with slowest electrical impulse conduction

C fibers

Inhalant drug for vomiting that also lowers MAC

Maropitant

What is a balanced IV

Electrolytes equal to the osmolarity of plasma

What type of pain do NSAIDs target

Inflammatory

Predominate CNS excitatory neurotransmitters

Glutamate

Percent of weight that is water

60%

Nerve fibers for sharp pain

A-delta

Drug that causes paradoxical excitement

Midazolam

According to the RECOVER protocol, what is the first step you take when an animal is apneic and nonresponsive

Start chest compressions

Which local anesthetic can be given safely IV, is mac-sparing, analgesic, and has prokinetic properties

Lidocaine

3 common complications with anesthesia

1. Hypoventilation

2. Hypoxemia

3. Hypotension

4 common complications with anesthesia

1. Hypoventilation

2. Hypoxemia

3. Hypotension

4. Hypovolemia

What is the correct placement of a lumbosacral epidural

L7-S1

Which local anesthetic is most likely to have cardiotoxicity

Bupivicaine

Species with shortest red blood cell survival time

cats

Order of treatment for intraoperative hypotension

Assess depth, decrease vaporizer, IVF bolus, inotrope/vasopressor

Which of these is one of the 4 primary disturbances that can be found through blood gas

Metabolic acidosis

What is the best location for an arterial blood sample in an awake dog

Dorsal pedal artery

Which is an important safety measure to schedule into a surgery (wording?)

Scheduled time off

What happens to arterial carbon dioxide with respiratory acidosis

increases

Local anesthetic type in most common use

Amide type

What blood transfusion in cats could cause a fatal reaction

type B cat receiving type A blood

3 indications for mechanical ventilation

1. Control of intracranial pressure

2. With the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs

3. Keep a stable anesthetic plane

Time frame to finish a blood transfusion

4 hours

Fill in the blank: what is the step for transitioning from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous ventilation in regards to the pop-off valve (_______ pop-off valve)

open

What is the general local anesthetic mechanism of action

Closing sodium channels inside the nerve cell

What drug acts on alpha and beta receptors and works for non-shockable animals during CPR

Epinephrine

Local anesthetic action in the body

Acts at initiation and conduction of nerve fibers

What is the minute ventilation of a 13kg dog with respiratory rate of 10 and a tidal volume of 10 mL/kg

1.3 L/min

• 13kg x 10mL/kg= 130 mL

• 10 breath/min × 130 mL= 1300 mL/min

• 1300mL/min / 1000mL= 1.3L/min

You're doing an emergency C section on a pregnant dog, whats the anesthestic protocol.

Alfaxalone to effect

Planned C section protocol

Fast 8-12 hours, no premeds, preoxygenate, se propofol only, use lowest inhalant possible, local anesthetics, return puppies to mom immediately

What needs addressed immediately in birds?

Apnea

What is the following ECG

Secondary AV block

What is the QRS complex in the ECG?

Ventricular Depolarization

What needs corrected immediately in neonatal small animals with anesthesia

Hypoglycemia and bradycardia

Most common drug class used in equines?

Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist

Why do rabbits have higher rates of morbidity/mortality related to anesthesia?

Harder to intubate and risk of airway obstruction

What induction drug should be used following heavy sedation in equines?

Ketamine

What drugs can be used by owner at home before transport in dogs

• Trazodone

• Gabapentin

What is unique to ruminants?

Pulling the ETT tube partially inflated

How to intubate a horse?

Blind intubation

Useful equipment in ruminant intubation?

Arm and hand

What is something to consider when using low red laser therapy?

Protective eye gear for anyone in the room

What is something unique to ruminants compared to horses when using xylazine?

Ruminants only require 1/10th of the horse dose

Goals of Physical therapy

• Decrease muscle atrophy

• Increase healing

• Provide analgesia 

• Building muscle

What is the purpose of the controlled drug laws

DEA diversion of drugs

What drug can cause paradoxical excitement

Midazolam

Important anesthetic concern for ferrets

Hypoglycemia

Acceptable euthanasia method

IV Barbiturates

Definition of an ECG

Measures electrical currents that flow through the heart