Chem bab 2 form 4

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Solid’s particles

closely packed in an orderly manner

Solid’s kinetic energy

Kinetic energy of particles is low

Solid’s attraction force

Attraction force particles is strong

Liquid’s particles

Closely packed but not in an orderly manner

Liquid’s kinetic energy

Kinetic energy of particles is higher than solid state

Liquid’s attraction force

Attraction force between particles is strong, but less than solid state

Gas’s particles

Far apart

Gas’s kinetic energy

Kinetic energy of particles is very high

Gas’s attraction force

Attraction force between particles is weak

Solid to Gas

Sublimation

Gas to Solid

Deposition

Gas to Liquid

condensation

Liquid to Gas

boiling

Solid to Liquid

Melting

Liquid to Solid

Freezing

Cobalt-60

In radiotherapy to kill cancer cells without surgery.

Iodine-131

Treatment of thyroid disorders such as hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer.

Phosphorus-32

Study of plant metabolism.

Uranium-235

Generating electricity through nuclear power generator.

Carbon-14

Estimation of artifacts or fossils’ age.

Lead-210

In determining the age of sand and earth layers up to 80 years.

Hydrogen-3

As a detector to study sewage and liquid wastes.

Sodium-24

In detecting leakage in underground pipes.