Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 11th Edition (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!

Cytology

The analysis of the internal structure of individual cells.

Gross Anatomy

The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism.

Surface Anatomy

The study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body.

Pathological Anatomy

Anatomical features that change during illness.

Cytology

The study of the liver cell.

Embryology

The study of the first two months of development.

Systemic Physiology

The study of the function of specific organ systems.

Cardiovascular Physiology

An example of systemic physiology.

Complexity Order

Arranged from the most COMPLEX to the SIMPLEST: organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular.

Skeletal System

Provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation.

Cardiovascular System

Transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells.

Lymphatic System

Includes the spleen and the tonsils.

Kidneys and Ureters

Organs of the urinary system.

endocrine

A system of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.

digestive

A system responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food.

respiratory

A system that facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

urinary

A system that removes waste products from the body and regulates water balance.

lymphatic

A system that helps defend against infection and disease.

pituitary gland

An endocrine gland that controls various hormonal functions.

thyroid gland

An endocrine gland that regulates metabolism and energy levels.

carbon dioxide removal

The process by which the respiratory system eliminates carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.

lungs

Organs of the respiratory system that facilitate gas exchange.

liver

An organ of the digestive system that processes nutrients and detoxifies substances.

skin

The largest organ of the integumentary system that protects the body.

homeostasis

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism.

negative feedback

A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.

nervous system

A system that coordinates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli.

endocrine system characteristics

Includes releasing hormones, producing effects that last for days, and affecting multiple organs.

anatomical position

A standard position of the body used as a reference point, with the body facing forward and palms facing forward.

ventral

An anatomical term that means the same as anterior.

medial

Referring to a position closer to the midline of the body.

proximal

Referring to a position closer to the point of attachment of a limb.

distal

Referring to a position further from the point of attachment of a limb.

lateral

Referring to a position away from the midline of the body.

posterior

Referring to the back side of the body.

superior

Referring to a position above or higher than another part of the body.

inferior

Referring to a position below or lower than another part of the body.

Negative feedback loop

A process that counteracts a change in a physiological variable.

Receptor

A structure that detects a stimulus.

Integrating center

The part of the body that processes information and sends commands.

Effector

A cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback.

Positive feedback

A type of feedback that exaggerates the effects of variations from normal.

Organ physiology

The study of the functions of organs.

Gross anatomy

The study of the structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye.

Abdominopelvic region

A region of the body that includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Quadrants of the abdominopelvic region

Divisions of the abdominopelvic area into four sections: RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ.

Mediastinum

The central compartment of the thoracic cavity.

Supine position

A position where a person is lying on their back, facing upward.

Pleural cavity

The space between the pleurae of the lungs.

Visceral pericardium

The membrane that covers the heart.

Pericardial sac

A double-walled sac containing the heart.

Abdominal cavity

The space within the abdomen that contains digestive organs.

Pelvic cavity

The space within the pelvis that contains reproductive organs.

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

One of the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic region.

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

One of the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic region.

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

One of the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic region.

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

One of the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic region.

Right hypochondriac region

An abdominopelvic region located beneath the ribs on the right side.

Right inguinal region

An abdominopelvic region located in the lower right side.

Left lumbar region

An abdominopelvic region located in the left middle side.

Left hypochondriac region

An abdominopelvic region located beneath the ribs on the left side.

Mediastinum

Separates the pleural cavities.

Oldest medical science

Anatomy

Organ that separates the ventral body cavity

Diaphragm

Terms of anatomical direction

Used to describe one body part in relation to another.

Major divisions of the ventral body cavity

Thoracic and abdominopelvic.

Urinary bladder location

Found in the right lower and left lower quadrants.

Liver location

Primarily located in the right upper quadrant.

Direction of caudal while standing erect

Downward.

Anatomical position terminology

Front refers to anterior, back refers to posterior, and back refers to dorsal.

Chemical imbalance in blood

Can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, leading to other tissues and organs ceasing to function.

Interdependence of organization levels

All levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.

Branch of biological science studying body structure

Anatomy.

Branch of biological science studying vital functions

Physiology.

Tendency for physiological systems to stabilize

Homeostasis.

homeostasis

The process by which internal conditions are maintained stable despite changes in the external environment.

receptor

A structure that detects a particular stimulus.

integrating center

A component that processes information from the receptor and determines the appropriate response.

effector

A structure that responds to the stimulus by communicating with the integrating center.

Intrinsic regulation

Regulation that occurs when the activities of organs are regulated locally.

atoms

The smallest stable units of matter.

atomic number

The number of protons in an atom.

Isotopes

Variants of an element that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

mass number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

innermost electron shell

The electron shell in an atom that holds up to 2 electrons.

atomic weight

The average number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Radioisotopes

Isotopes that have unstable nuclei.

chemical behavior of an atom

Determined by the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell.

cations

Ions with a + charge.

weakest bond

The hydrogen bond between two atoms.

ionic bonds

Bonds formed when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.

triple covalent bond

In a molecule of nitrogen, three pairs of electrons are shared by two nitrogen atoms.

polar covalent bond

If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.

inert gases

Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons.

synthesis reaction

The reaction A + B - AB is an example of a(n) synthesis reaction.

synthesis reaction

The reaction N2 + 3 H2 - 2 NH3 is an example of a(n) synthesis reaction.

endergonic reaction

The reaction A + B + energy - AB is an example of a(n) endergonic reaction.

exergonic reaction

Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be exergonic.

enzymes

Biological catalysts that are proteins and lower the activation energy required for a reaction.

active sites

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the active sites.