Biology Final Study

4 Levels of Biodiversity

genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity, Population diversity

Genetic Diversity

Variation of genes within a species.

Species Diversity

The variety of different species within a given area

Ecosystem Services

the benefits that humans gain from ecosystems including provisions

Ecosystem Services Benefit 1

Biological Resources: provides a wide variety of living organisms that humans depend on

Ecosystem Services Benefit 2

Social Benefits: Supporting cultural identity, recreation, well being, education, and spiritual values in human societies

Characteristics of Life

Composed of cells, living thing grow, use energy, maintain homeostasis, reproduce, adapt to their environment through evolution, respond to their envirionment

Abiogenesis

Miller-Urey Experiment,

Panspermia

Hypothesis that life existed throughout the universe by meteoroids, asteroids, and planetoids

Hydrothermal Vents

Chemosynthetic bacteria (bacteria that make their own food using chemicals instead of using sunlight)

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (bacteria)

Stromatolites

Layered, rock like structures formed by the activity of mainly cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

The Oxygen Revolution

When oxygen began to accumulate in earth's atmosphere due to photosynthesis by cyanobacteria

Single Celled Organisms

The single cell carries out all needed functions (bacteria, amoebas)

Multicellular Organisms

These cells are specialized meaning they have different jobs (plants, animals, humans)

Asexual Reproduction

one parent involved, where the offspring are genetically identical to the parent (binary fission in bacteria)

Spontaneous Generation

Organisms could arise from non living matter

Organisms that could survive space travel

Tardigrades - enter a dormant state called cryptobiosis, Bacteria , Spores of fungi and bacteria

How are hydrothermal vents helping us to understand the search for life on other planets?

Shows that life does not require sunlight because they use chemosynthesis

Why are cyanobacteria important for understanding the history of life on earth?

First organisms to produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis

They transformed earth's atmosphere, the evolution of aerobic life

Fossilized stromatolites provide evidence of some the earth's earliest life forms

How did O2 accumulate in the atmosphere?

Cyanobacteria began producing oxygen through photosynthesis

At first oxygen reacted with minerals and did not acclimate

Once the reactive minerals were saturated, free oxygen began to build up in the atmosphere

This was called the great oxidation event

Biological Evolution

change in allele frequency over time that results in a population level phenotypic change

3 types of behaviour in heterozygotes

complete dominance, co dominance, incomplete dominance

complete dominance

one allele type is dominant in the phenotype and the other is recessive

Co Dominance

both alleles are expressed in the phenotype

Incomplete Dominance

the phenotype is a blend of both traits

Microevolution

allele frequency changes over time but still belong to the same taxonomic group

Macroevolution

: allele frequency changes resulting in a new taxonomic group

Natural Selection

a process where genetic traits better suited to their environments survive and reproduce more successfully

Genetic Drift

allele frequencies change randomly due to chance usually in small populations

Mutation

ermanent change in the Dna sequence of an organism's genome

Genotype

Genetic Code

Phenotype

Physical Expression

Haploid

one complete set of chromosomes

Diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Heterozygous

2 different alleles = Aa

Homozygous

Same Alleles = AA or aa

Things that influence a phenotype

Genes, environment, interaction between genes and the environment

Speciation

Formation of new species

Problem With Morphological

Individuals of the same species can look very different because of phenotypic variation

Different species Can also look the same because of mimicry

Problem with Biological species concept

Sometimes interbreeding between distinct species does occur

problem with phylogenetic

Requires involved studies and DNA analysis to determine species

Taxonomy

The science of classifying and naming living organisms

Phylogeny

The study of how organisms are evolutionarily related

Systematics

The science of classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships

Monophyletic

Includes a common ancestor and all its descendants

Paraphyletic

Includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants

Polyphyletic

Includes organisms from different ancestors but not their most recent common ancestor

Phylogenetic Systematics

classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships—that is, how they are related through common ancestry.

Polytomy

A node where it splits into more than 2 descendants

Domain

Largest most general group (bacteria)

Kingdom

Major Groups within domains (Plantae, animalia)

Phylum

Organisms with a basic body plan (Chordata

Classes

Groups within a phylum (mammalia)

Order

groups within a class (Carnivora)

Family

groups within an order (Canidae)

Genus

Closely Related Species

Species

The Most specific group

3 domains of life

Bacteria (prokaryotic), Archea (prokaryotic), Eukarya (Eukaryotic)

Archaea (prokaryotic)

Eukarya (Eukaryotic)

Why do we classify bacteria

Helps doctors identify pathogens that become diseases

Shows how different bacteria are related evolutionary

Mutation

random changes in DNA sequence during replication

Can create new alleles

Transformation

Prokaryotes can soak up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their chromosome

Transduction

A virus that infects prokaryotes (phage) transfers prokaryotic DNA from one cell to another

Conjugation

A donor cell makes a cytoplasm bridge into a recipient cell

The genes are replicated and go across the bridge

Antibiotics

drugs that kill bacteria or stop their growth, different antibiotics target specific bacterial structures or processes

Antibiotic Resistance

Bacteria can become resistant through genetic changes that allow them to survive antibiotics

How do Prokaryotic Organisms Reproduce

Binary Fission

Binary Fission (asexual)

DNA duplicates

The cell elongates and the DNA copies move to opposite ends

The cell pinches in the middle (cytokinesis)

Two genetically identical daughter cells are produced

Archea

Often live in extreme environments and have unique cell like stuctures

Horizontal Gene Transfer

he movement of genetic material in a way other than traditional reproduction

Tetanus

Cause: bacteria in wounds

Effect: muscle stiffness and spasms

Prevention: vaccination

Diptheria

Affects: throat and breathing

Spread: person-to-person

Prevention: vaccination

Bacteria

A type of prokaryote that is single celled without a nucleus found all over the earth like in soil

Two types of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archea

Eukaryotic Type organisms

Have a nucleus

Animal Like Protists

Zooflaggalites: Move by one or 2 flagella

Amoebas

Cilates

Fungus Like Protists

Fungus Like

Water molds: decomposers and parasites

Slime Molds

Hetrerotropic

Consume Organic mat