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Magic Lanterns

Christina hyugens, early time of image protectors that use light source to show in glass slides

Thaumatrope

1825, disk spun rapidly two images become 1

Phenakitstiscope

Spinning cardboard disk with 9 sseries of sequential images and slits

Phonograph

1st deivce used to reproduce sound (New Jersey 1877 edison)

Zoopraxiscope

Muybridge,, 24 frames triggered by tirewires to make sequential frames

Chronophotographic Gun

Portable, 12 frames per second, shaped like rifle

Kodak Film

Lightweight roll film replaced heavy, glass places. Flexible allowed long sequences

Kinetograph

First functional motion picture camera

Kinetoscope

Device for viewing the resultinng films through a lens

Cinematographe

First portable cameras

Black Maria

First film studio, short filmings, made by edison

WKL Dickson

Made kinetograph and kinetoscope

Lumeire Brothers

Made Cinematographe

Leon Gaumont

Made Gaumont, promotoes Guy to studio director

Pathe

Opens pathe, quickly becomes dominant manufacturer and studio in the world

Alice Guy

Pivots Gaumont toward narrative filmmaking
first female

Latham Loop

Added a small loop of slack on film frame to stop breakage

Phantoscope

Projector used to pause on each film frame to center it

Vitascope

Renamed by Edison which combined Phantoscope and Latham Loop

American Mutoscope Company

Mutscope/Mutograph (flap chord) which went to Biograph which then swapped over to American Mutoscope and Biograph company

American Vitagraph Company

Filmed real world events to draw audience

Edison/Lumeire film approach

Focused on real people doing real events

Melies film approach

Bringing theatrical illusion, fantasy, and in camera special effects.

NAACP

Protested racial filmmaking and support African American film production

Nickelodeons

Small permanent theaters that caused 5 cents for a viewing

Motion Pictures Patent Company

Edisons attempt to conteol patents, included all major US studios

Cinema of Attractions

Visual pleasures and spectacle

Cinema of narrative integration

Movies about Storytelling, knowledge

Western

Extensions of the wild west

Melodrama

Sentimental and focus on women, immigration, and class

Slapstick

Physical COmedy

D.W Griffith

Father of fiilm, shared social issues, parted ways with biogrpah

Charlie Chaplin

Sympathy through tramps

Buster Keaton

Stare face and lacked affect, did own stunts

Cecile B. DeMille

Experimented w lighting, cutting, and framing

Oscar Micheaux

Race film, black characters not demonized

Pre WWI Pathe

Held monopoly over exhibition

Pre WWI Gaumont

SOld production equipment, controls exhibition and distribution, chains of film

Louis Feuillade

Studio director of Gaumont

Cinema as Art

Focuses on emotional expression during French Impressionism

French Impressionism

Spatial relaationships are temporal, visully, art creates feelings by adding impressions to people

Avant-Garde Cinema

Used surrealism to show emotions

Surrealism

Borader arts and literature, expansion of the unconscious, dream, shadowing images

Key Parisians

Abel Grace Marcel, Jean Epstein

Basic Tenets

Character subjectivity, optical device, slow motion, and flicker shots

Mise-en-Scene

Originatted during French Impressionism, talked about the stuff which was used on set.

German Expression

Influenced by italian epics and high cost
Mimicked hollywood, novels,and false perspectives, unchained cameria and standing lighting
Used the use of the background settings to set the mood of the scene

UFA

Banned foreign fiilms from germany, rooted in desire to make propoganda for psychologica film

Why german expression failed

Rise of street films and growing split between political parties led to immigration of film makers to europe or us

Soviet pre ww1 production, exhibition, and reception

Produced by Pathe and Gaumont

Pre WWI style for soviet montage

Tragic e ndings, melancoly plots, slow pacing, tense acting

Narkompros

Film was seens as an effective tool to teach the masses

Kuleshov Effect

Created by Lev Kuleshov, invovlved in multiple montage shots combined ogether to tell meaning in a scene

Socialaist Realism

Criticism on formalism of soviet montage and assecible film with ideal sovet ideals

Sergei Eisenstein

Overlapping and elloptical editing

Dziga Vertov

Used the fancy lens and focused on reality with no fiction liking

The Big Five

RKO, Paramount, Warner Bros, Fox, MGM

The Little Three

Columbia, United Artists, Universal

Carl Laemmle

Head of Universal

Adolph Zukor

Paramount Head

Warners Bros

Head of Warner Bros

William FOx

Fox lead

Marcus Loew

MGM

Metro, Goldwyn, Mayer

Og MGM owners

Cohn Brothers and Joe Brandt

Columbia

Star system

Used star actors by making contracts with them to appear in films (7 years) and allowed the studio to invest into resources and specialized labor becomes more

Fan magazines are used to make positive images of them

Classical Hollywood

Broke down shots, and shot out of order
Two plot narratives
Continuity Editing
180 degree rule

180 degree rule

Creates spatial awareness by filming 180 between two actors

Kinetographe

Dickson/Edison - Kinetoscope + phonograph

Chronophone

Leon Gaumont, Cinematographe + Phonograph

Phonofilm

Forest; Sound-on film, sound converted to light, allowed for synchronized sound

Photophone

First device to transmit voice over a beacon of light

Challenges in production w sound

Synchronized of audio and video, poor sound quality

Screwball

Witty, fast-paced dialogue

Crime dramas

Urban soundscape

Musicals

Music direction and choreography

Monster Films

Sound effects with hella monsters

Poetic realism

French film movement from 1930s-1940s, that blended gritty working class narratives with a narrative astheitc

Jean Renoir

Blended realism with artistic, apinterly compositions, often using complex long takes

MPPDA

Clean up pictures and anti-censorship

Pre Code Films

Themes of violence and sex

Technicolor

Colored films associated with fantasy and spectacle

Deep-focus shots

soft style of cinema

Hays Code

No indency, hella censorship,
work arounds by fakeouts and implied

Italian Neorealism

Post-WW2 italy that focused on gritty protaryals of everyday life, used non professional actors and on location shooting

Cinema of Distraction

Facist gov oversees but does not control production results in some gov assitence esults in self-supporting and hella censorship

Telefoni Bianchi

clones of US comedies, social conservative anf family values, used to show italians conformity

Inspiration for Italian Neorealism

French poetic realism, soviet montage

Italian Neorealism conventions

Ideological freedom, oridnary life, no happy ending, loosened of plot linearity

Roberto Rossellini

Geramany Year Zero direcotr

Vittorio de Sica

Bicycle Tehieves director

After Neoreealism

Shifts to psychological films and modernism and for middle class with themes of alienation

Postwar Hollywood themes

Disillusiont isolate, role of women, realism

Red Scare

Communists among us, lead in blacklists for actors and directors

Paramount Decisions

Vertical integration must be disbanded, resulted in more exhibiton of independent films

Genre Shifts of post war hollywood

Wartime propogranda and muscals to darker more realistid and cynical themes

Film Noir

Stylitic approach using hard boiled characters, german expression, and realism, spanned over crime, corruption,and paranoia

Character types of male protagonist

Male: hard boiled
Female: Female Fatale

French New Wave

Adaption of literature, favor of low bedget personal filmmaking, handheld cameras, on location shooting, and unconventional editing technques
Also used Auteur Theory