The Circulatory System + immunity + lymphatic system

What does the circulatory system transport?

• gases with the respiratory system

• Nutrients of the digestive system

• Wastes with the excretory system

• Hormones with the endocrine system

How does the circulatory system regulate body temperature?

• blood constricts to cool down the body

• Blood vessels dilate to warm up the body

How does the circulatory system protect against disease?

• blood contains germ-fighting cells

• Blood contains platelets, which help with blood clotting (self repair)

What are the 3 components of the circulatory system?

• heart

• Blood

• Blood vessels

What is the function of the heart?

• heart: muscular pumping mechanism

• Keeps the blood closing throughout our bodies

Define blood

• connective tissue that carries the oxygen and nutrients to our cells and carries waste away from our cells

State the function of blood vessels

• bring blood to lungs and the rest of the body

What are the types of blood vessels?

• arteries

• Veins

• Capillaries

What type of system is the circulatory system?

• the human circulatory system is a closed system

• There are no openings for the blood to leave vessels throughout the system

What type of system do simpler organisms have?

• some simpler organisms have an open circulatory system

• Blood (or a blood analogue) will leave vessels to bathe tissues before being re-collected

What are the two main circuits of the circulatory system?

• pulmonary circuit

• Systemic circuit

How does the pulmonary circuit work?

• Blood that circulates between the heart and lungs

• Moves deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange, and returns oxygenated blood to the heart

• Pulmonary = “pool of air”

How does the systemic circuit work?

• blood that circulates between the heart and the body

• Oxygenated blood flows from the heart to the body

• Deoxygenated blood is later returned to the heart

• Systemic = “system wide”

What is the coronary circuit?

• subset of systemic circulation

• Provides oxygenated blood directly to the heart muscle via the coronary arteries

• The right coronary artery supplies O2 to the right side of the heart

• The left coronary artery supplies O2 to the left side of the heart

What is blood and what is its function?

• the fluid primarily contained within the blood vessels

• Transports oxygen and nutrients to our tissue

What are the main components of the blood? Define their function.

• red blood cells: carry oxygen, nutrients, and wastes

• White blood cells: fight diseases and protect the body from infection

• Platelets: help with blood clotting process

• Plasma: liquid portion of the blood containing water, vitamins, minerals, proteins, and hormones

How can blood be separated into its components?

• can be separated into its primary components using centrifugation

• Blood is spun between 1000-3000 rpm

• Separates it into the 3 distinct layers: plasma, erythrocytes, and leukocytes

What is plasma?

• liquid portion of the blood

• Makes up 55% of blood volume

• Mixture of water, organic nutrients, inorganic ions, proteins, and salt

• Contains the other blood cells

What are erythrocytes?

• RBCs

• Produced in bone marrow

• Have a biconcave shape

• Carry oxygen, nutrients, and wastes

• Do not have any organelles

  • Allows for maximum space for hemoglobin, and increases flexibility

• Hemoglobin: iron-rich protein that carries oxygen and is found on erythrocytes

  • Blood gets its bright red colour when hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs

What is sickle cell disease?

• a blood disorder caused by a genetic mutation which affects the production of hemoglobin

• The gene for sickle cell is prominent in people of recent African decent

• Causes misshapen red blood cells (crescent shape)

• Symptoms include swelling of the hands and feet and frequent infections

What is anemia?

• a condition associated with erythrocyte complications

• Caused by decrease in number of RBC and reduced hemoglobin levels

• Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and dizziness

What are leukocytes?

• WBCs

• Make up 1% of blood

• Protects the body from infection

• Complete cells (have organelles and a nucleus)

• A granular leukocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes

• Granular leukocytes: basophils, eosinophil, neutrophil

• Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

What is leukemia?

• overproduction of WBCs

• Leukaemia cells take up space and leave little room for the other cell types to continue to grow

• Result: more leukaemia cells are being made and are released into the blood

What are thrombocytes?

• platelets

• Less than 1% of blood

• Produced in bone marrow

• Do not contain a nucleus

• Essential to blood clotting (coagulation)

• Increased platelet count —> blood clotting —> strokes and heart attacks

• Decreased platelet count —> excessive bleeding —> hemophilia

What is the blood clotting process?

1. Injury: a blood vessel breaks (you cut your finger)

2. Vasoconstriction: the blood vessel constricts to reduce blood loss

3. Platelet plug formation: platelets are attracted to collagen produced at injury site which stick to the damaged vessel wall, forming a ‘platelet plug’

4. Coagulation: clotting factors in the blood are activated which leads to fibrin - a strong, thread-like protein that forms a stable fibrin clot

What are the main blood groups?

• A + or -

• B + or -

• AB + or -

• O + or -

How is our blood type determined?

• by the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of an erythrocyte (RBC)

What are antigens?

• substances that trigger an immune response in our bodies

What is the first step of the blood clotting process?

• injury: a blood vessel breaks (you cut your finger)

What is the second step in the blood clotting process?

• vasoconstriction: the blood vessel constricts to reduce blood loss

What is the third step of the blood clotting process?

• platelet plug formation: platelets are attracted to collagen produced at injury site which stick to the damaged vessel wall, forming a ‘platelet plug’

What is the final step of the blood clotting process?

• coagulation: clotting factors in the blood are activated which leads to fibrin - a strong, thread-like protein that forms a stable fibrin clot

What are antibodies and what is their function?

• antibodies: proteins that recognize foreign substances in the body

  • Found in the plasma of our blood

• If a harmful substance enters our body, it triggers the production of antibodies

What is the structure of A+

• A-antigens on surface

• Anti-B antibodies in plasma

• Rh antigen on surface

Structure of A-

• A-antigens on surface

• Anti-B antibodies in plasma

• Anti-Rh antibodies in plasma

Structure of B+

• B-antigens on surface

• Anti-A antibodies in plasma

• Rh antigen on surface

Structure of B-

• B-antigens on surface

• Anti-A antibodies in plasma

• Anti-Rh antibody in plasma

Structure of AB+

• A-antigens on surface

• B-antigens on surface

• Rh antigens on surface

• NO ANTIBOIES

Structure of AB-

• A-antigens on surface

• B-antigens on surface

• Anti-Rh antibodies in plasma

Structure of O+

• Rh antigens on surface

• Anti-A antibodies in plasma

• Anti-B antibodies in plasma

Structure of O-

• NO ANTIGENS

• Anti-A antibodies in plasma

• Anti-B antibodies in plasma

• Anti-Rh antibodies in plasma

What are the rules of ABO blood types?

1. Antigens and antibodies of the same type cause a dangerous reaction: agglutination

2. When blood is given to another person, plasma (+ antibodies) can be removed so only RBCs and their antigens are donated (centrifugation)

What does the Rhesus Factor determine?

• determines whether our blood type is positive or negative

How do we know if our blood is positive?

• has an Rh antigen and no anti-Rh antibodies

How do we know that our blood type is negative?

• Has anti-Rh antibodies but no Rh antigen

What is the rule for transferring negative and positive blood types?

• positive blood cannot be donated to a person with negative blood

What is O- blood known as?

• universal donor

• This is because it has not antigens present on the RBCs surface

What is AB+ known as?

• universal recipient

• This is because it has no antibodies present in its plasma and can receive any blood type

What are blood vessels? What are the types?

• tubes in our body throughout which blood flows

• Arteries, veins, capillaries

What are arteries?

• high pressure blood vessels

• Carry blood away from the heart

• Have thick walls

• Carry blood at a high pressure

• Carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery)

• Highly elastic, meaning they stretch when blood is pumped through them and they snap back when the heart relaxes between beats

  • Your pulse is the expansion and contraction of an artery

• Small arteries are called arterioles

What are veins?

• low pressure return vessels

• Carry blood towards the heart

• Have thin walls

• Carry blood under low pressure

• Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)

• Less muscular and elastic

• Blood is pushed through them with low pressure by a skeletal muscle pump and movement

• Have valves, which ensure that blood doesn’t collect in our legs and prevent backflow

• Small veins are called venules

What are capillaries?

• exchange networks

• Connect arteries to veins

• Blood flows from our arteries to our arterioles to our capillaries to our venules to our veins

• Thin, permeable walls (only one cell thick)

  • maximizes efficiency of the diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues

• carry blood at a very low pressure

• through capillaries, blood changes from oxygenated to deoxygenated

What happens to our arteries when they are clogged?

• result from a buildup of a substance called plaque o the inner walls of the arteries

  • plaque consists of calcium, fat, cholesterol, and cellular waste

• arterial plaque can reduce blood flow or block it altogether

• clogged arteries greatly increase the likelihood of heart attack, stroke, and death

What is the cause of clogged arteries?

• smoking increases plaque buildup in the arteries in the heart, lungs, and aorta

• diabetes or elevated blood sugar

• sedentary lifestyle and obesity

What is the treatment of clogged arteries?

• in some instances, surgery may be required to treat clogged arteries and prevent additional plaque accumulation

• the purpose of surgery is to create for more space for blood to move through arteries/veins without hurting the patient

What is the heart made of?

• made of cardiac muscle, which is involuntary

• the heart is auto rhythmic

  • generates electrical impulses without external nerve stimulation

What happens when the heart pumps?

• deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs (pulmonary circuit)

• oxygenated blood is sent to the body (systemic circuit)

What are the components of the heart?

• heart wall

• four chambers

• associated “great vessels”

• valves

What are the components of the heart wall?

• pericardium

• epicardium

• myocardium

• endocardium

What is the pericardium?

• fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart

What is the epicardium?

• main outer layer of the heart composed of connective tissue and fat

What is the myocardium?

• middle cardiac muscle layer

• responsible for involuntary heart contraction

• rich in mitochondria

• thickest layer of the heart

What is the endocardium?

• inner layer that lines the four chambers and valves of the heart

What are the heart chambers in order of blood flow?

• right atrium

• right ventricle

• left atrium

• left ventricle

How are the heart chambers separated? Why?

• by a rigid wall called the septum

• ensures that oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart does not mix with deoxygenated blood from the right side

What is the atria known as?

• “receiving chambers”

What type of walls do atria have?

• thin walls because they pass blood down to ventricles, which is a short distance

What are ventricles known as?

• “discharging chambers”

What type of walls do ventricles have?

• thick walls to allow strong contractions, pushing blood out of the heart and into the arteries

What are the associated “great vessels”?

• vena cava

• pulmonary arteries

• pulmonary veins

• aorta

What are the characteristics of the vena cava?

• carry deoxygenated blood

• have a superior vena cava and an inferior vena cava

• found entering the right atrium

What are the characteristics of the pulmonary arteries?

• carry deoxygenated blood

• found leaving the right ventricle

What are the characteristics of the pulmonary veins?

• carry oxygenated blood

• found entering the left atrium

What are the characteristics of the aorta?

• largest artery in the body

• found leaving the left ventricle

What is the function of the heart valves?

• regulate blood circulation by preventing blood from flowing backwards

What are the two main categories of heart valves?

• atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

• semilunar valves (SL valves)

What does “LUB DUB” mean?

• sound of the heart that occurs due to valves closing shut

What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

• tricuspid valve

• mitral valve (bicuspid)

What are the characteristics of the tricuspid valve?

• contains 3 flaps

• sits between the right atrium and right ventricle

What are the characteristics of the mitral valve?

• contains two flaps

• sits between the left atrium and left ventricle

What are the semilunar (SL) valves?

• aortic valve

• pulmonary valve

What are the characteristics of the aortic valve?

• found between the left ventricle and aorta

What are characteristics of the pulmonary valve?

• found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

Where is the first place that blood goes in the heart?

• deoxygenated blood form the body enters the superior and inferior vena cava

Where does blood go after cava’s?

• deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium

Where does blood go after the right atrium?

• right atrium contracts , the tricuspid valve opens, and deoxygenated blood is forced to the right ventricle

Where does blood go after right ventricle?

• right ventricle contracts, pulmonary valve opens, deoxygenated blood flows into the pulmonary arteries

Where does blood go after pulmonary arteries?

• blood becomes oxygenated at the lungs

Where does blood go after lungs?

• oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary veins

Where does the blood go after pulmonary veins?

• oxygenated blood enters the left atrium

Where does blood go after the left atrium?

• left atrium contracts, the mitral valve opens, sending blood into the left ventricle

Where does blood go after left ventricle?

• left ventricle contracts, the aortic valve opens, blood is sent to the aorta

Where does blood go after aorta?

• oxygenated blood is sent to the rest of the body!

Define heart rate

• how many times your heart beats in one minute (BPM)

Define pulse

• expansion/contraction of an artery

Where can we find our pulse?

• neck (carotid artery)

• wrist

• top of the foot

• thumb

• temporal lobe

Define resting heart rate

• your heart rate when you’re awake, calm, and resting

what is the normal resting heart rate for adults?

60-100 BPM

What is the normal resting heart rate for athletes?

40 - 60 BPM