Chapter 18--AP Euro

Harry Truman

(1945-1953) gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Truman Doctrine

U.s. foreign policy to support nations facing authoritarian threats (communism)

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe

Berlin Blockade

Feb 1948-May 1949, Soviet's response to Britain, France, and America attempted to merge their zones in Germany.

Berlin Airlift

Western Allies airlifted supplies to the people of Berlin during the blockade.

Konrad Adenauer

The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government.

Mutual Deterrence

belief that arsenal of nuclear weapons would prevent war by assuring that if one nation attacked so could the other and create and equally devastating result, therefore no one would risk it

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

COMECON

Economic association between communist eastern European states.

Warsaw Pacy

Military alliances of the Soviet Union and satellite naitons

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine

ICBM

"Intercontinental Ballistic Missile"

Sputnik

first space satellite, starts the space race.

Nikita Khrushchev

Stalin's successor. Adamant on "destalinification", involved in the decision to build the Berlin Wall and placed nuclear weapons in Cuba

Fidel Castro

Communist leader of Cuba

Bay of Pigs

Failed American invasion to topple Castro and his totalitarian regime

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to store nuclear missiles in Cuba

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Kwame Nkrumah

Founder of the Convention People's Party

Jomo Kenyatta

Founded Kenya African National Union to seek self rule in Kenya

Mau Mau

Terrorist movement among the Kikuyu who wanted freedom from Britain

FLN

Algerian nationalist "National Liberation Front" that fights against the French in the Algerian War

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970). Creates the Fifth Republic and grants Algerian independence

Harkis

Muslim Algerians who fought with the French in the Algerian War of Independence

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Russian author of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a novel detailing life in a Stalinist concentration camp.

Leonid Brezhnev

Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces into Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.

Stalinization

The spread of Stalin's policies. 5 year plans, heavy industry, collectivization, and eliminating non-communist parties. Dissatisfaction later led to revolts.

Wladyslaw Gomulka

secretary of the Polish Communist Party who came to power in Poland amid demonstrations against Soviet domination; pursued independent domestic policy but was still loyal to the Warsaw Pact.

Imry Nagy

Inspired b Poland, this Hungarian communist politician sought unsuccessfully in 1956 to withdraw his country from the Warsaw Pact and move toward a multiparty democratic system -- The USSR responded by invading Hungary, suppressing the revolution, and executing him

Fourth Republic

Government established in France from 1946-1958, The French government set up after World War II; Had a weak president, strong legislature, and too many parties. De Gaulle gets rid of it to create his Fifth Republic

Christian Democrats

Sincerely interested in democracy and economic reforms. Were especially successful in Germany and Italy

Socialized Medicine

Requires doctors and dentists to work with state hospitals.

Alcide de Gasperi

(1881-1954) The leader of the Christian Democrats in Italy, he was committed to democracy and moderate social reform.

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

group of six European countries formed in 1951 to coordinate iron and steel production to ensure peace among member countries; eventually evolved into the EU

Treaty of Rome 1957

Created the European Economic Community (EEC), generally known as the Common Market. Marked the beginning of European economic integration.

European Economic Community (EC)

Free trade with the states in it also one common export tariff for everyone outside the communtiy

Simone de Beauvoir

French author of The Second Sex. She argued for women's rights and was also a prominent figure in the existentialist movement.

Jean-Paul Sartre

French existentialist most famous for his statement that "existence precedes existence"- i.e., first we exist and then our decisions and choices shape up our character or essence (1905-1980)

Existentialism

Human struggle to lead an authentic life despite the absurdity of life

Vatican II

Major reform to the Catholic Church