ALL AICE HIST CHAPTERS

Scramble for africa

the race to colonize africa

Belgium actions in the scramble for africa

exploited africa for rubber and ivory & set up the IAA

Why did germany enter imperialism race so late?

It was newly unifed as well as being surrounded by potential enemies so it wanted to concentrate on national security

Why was German naval expansion a concern for

Britain?

it saw it as a threat to its own strategic and commercial interests

Treaty of Berlin (1885)

free passage should be given to all on ships on the niger and congo rivers, abolish slavery, possession of a african territory must be effectively occupied and nations must be told of the claim as soon as possible, disputes over land should be settled by negotiation.

“A place in the sun”

germany’s want to secure more land in Africa and gain global recognition

White man’s burden

the duty of the white Europeans to ”civilize” the Africans

Social darwinism

belief that stronger nations were “destined” to dominate

weaker peoples

Civilizing mission

Spreading Western values and Christianity

Reasons for imperialism

White Man’s Burden’ (Social Darwinism), Trade,

Industrialization, Political power, need for raw materials/resources.

Tools formed in the scramble for africa

Machine guns, steamships, telegraphs

Britain goals and achievements in the scramble for Africa

Sought to secure trade routes, especially control of the Suez Canal for access to India and Expanded empire in Africa and Asia.

France’s achievements and goals in the scramble for Africa

Pursued empire partly to recover national pride after the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) and Expanded into Africa and Southeast Asia.

Declining powers

Ottoman Empire weakened and lost territory to European influence.

 

Fashoda incident

Britain and France clashed over control of the Upper Nile (Sudan).

Entente Cordiale 1904

Agreement between Britain and France France recognized Britain’s control of Egypt; Britain recognized French influence in Morocco.

Moroccan Crises

• First Crisis (1905–06): Kaiser Wilhelm II demandedMoroccan independence; Algeciras Conference (1906) favored France.

•Second Crisis (1911): Germany sent the gunboat Panther to Agadir, and undermining French power in the region. Britain sided with France and the kaiser backed down

Berlin Conference purpose & settlements

- Organized by Bismarck to regulate European colonization of Africa
-Belgium gained control of the Congo Free State (under King Leopold II).
-Liberia and Ethiopia maintained independence

Effective occupation

Nations must show that they have control of the area and tell other nations

Boer Wars

• First Boer War (1880–81): Boers (Dutch settlers) defeated British forces.

• Second Boer War (1899–1902): Britain returned, fought costly war against Boer guerrillas

Tactics used during the boer war

Britain used scorched earth tactics – burning farms, destroying crops.

what happened to the Boer people and what was the international opinion of Britain afterwards?

they were placed in concentration camps, people did not approve of Britain especially Germany who supported the Boers

Jameson Raid (1895)

failed British attempt to spark revolt in the Transvaal

what was the boxer rebellion and what did it target?

Anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China;Targeted Western traders and missionaries.

What were consequences of the boxer rebellion and how was it stopped

world powers like the US, Japan, and Russia came together to stop the rebellion. The consequences were increased foreign influence in China and its authority undermined, and the Boxer Protocol was introduced.

What was the boxer protocol?

china was forced to pay reparations, allow foreign troops in, and open more trading ports.

What was the Qing’s stance on the boxer rebellion, did it change?

they initally opposed it, but later supported it bc it helped the chinese people rally

how did the boxer rebellion further weaken the qing dynasty?

made citizens lose trust in the government

Meiji Restoration (1868)

Period of rapid modernization, industrialization, and adoption of Western-style military and education systems.

What changes did Japan make when modernizing?

They replaced their shogun (military leader) with an emperor to unite all districts
-A central administration with a legal system
-a constitution with an elected house of representatives and a cabinet

-factories (mostly textiles) and ship yards with export trade.

How was the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) started and how did it end?

Japan disregarded China by forcing Korea to open for trade, which angered China. Later, Japan claimed that since China was helping the king of Korea, it broke the Convention of 1885 in Tientsin. They used this to seize control of Korea and Manchuria, and won the war

What was the Convention of 1885 in Tientsin?

China and Japan agreed not to change the status of Korea

Treaty of Shimonoseki 1895

Forced China to recognize Korea’s independence and cede Taiwan to Japan

What was Japan forced to give up due to western pressure? And which countries made them?

Russia, Germany, and France Japan to return port Arthur to China

The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902

Britain and Japan agreed to neutrality if either one were attacked unless one of them were against two countries in which case the other country would aid them, they also signed a defensive military alliance with Great Britain, against Russia.

How did the Russo-japanese war begin and end? (1904-05)

Japan and Russia already had tensions over Manchuria and Korea so Japan launched a surprise attack on the Port Arthur in Russia and declared war. Japan won the war.

Treaty of Portsmouth 1905

Russia was forced to recognise Japanese claims over Korea and gave Japan a 25-year lease over Port Arthur in Manchuria.

Japans role in world war 1

They did not help European powers, declared war Germany,Korea was handed over, and Japan gained more privileges over china.

21 demands japan

Gave Japan privileged territorial and economic concessions as well as the right to appoint military, financial and police advisers to the Chinese government.

 

 

Cecil Rhodes

British imperialist associated with expansion in southern Africa.

What was the impact of closing the frontier for US foreign policy?

Need for trade & raw materials, jingoism, manifest destiny.

What is jingoism?

extreme patriotism supporting aggressive foriegn policy

Manifest destiny

belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Reasons for US intervention in Cuba

Yellow journalism via American newspapers led to outrage among the public against Spain, 1898 U.S.S. Maine explosion in Havana Harbor which was blamed on Spain, criticism from a Spanish ambassador targeting president Mckinely

How did the Spanish-American war begin and end?

Despite peace negotiations between Spain and America happening, a war lasting 9 weeks many dying to due to medical reasons but America won.

Treaty of Paris(1898)

Spain recognizes Cuba’s independence and sells the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the U.S.

How did America keep control of Cuba?

Cuba was tied to the US via the platt amendment

What is the platt amendment?

a U.S. law forcing Cuba to accept restricted sovereignty, allowing the U.S. to intervene militarily, control foreign policy, and lease Guantanamo Bay.

Who wasn’t allowed to come to Paris peace conference and how many nations sent representatives?(1919)

27 nations sent representatives Germany and Austria not allowed to attend, Russia was not invited (Lenin’s government not seen as legitimate.

Goals of the big 4(US,France,Britain,and Italy) in the Paris peace conference (1919) and how long did negotiations last ?

United States: Peace without victors, All nations should exist by self determination

France:Punish Germany & weaken Germany

Britain:Protect their empire (colonies) & Get rich again (US, too!)

Italy:Get land from Austria

 lasted 5 months

Vittorio Orlando who was he and what was his goals for the Paris peace conference?

The prime minster of Italy, he expected to gain land thanks to a promise Britain made and gain spoils of war.

Woodrow Wilson who was he and what was his goals for the Paris peace conference?

The president of USA, he wanted to popularize the idea of self determination and wanted the League of Nations to settle disputes between countries in the future.

David Lloyd George who was he and what was his goals for the Paris peace conference?

The prime minister of Britain, he wanted to punish Germany enough to satisfy the public but to allow Germany to recover.

Treaty of Versailles conditions

•Blame

Article 231- Germany was guilty of having started WW1 and was the moral justification for the reparations clauses

●Reparations

Germany had to pay over $33 billion in fines

●Disarment

Germany was forbidden to have an army over 100,000 men, no submarines, and no air force.

●Territorial Settlement

○Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France, land was lost to Poland, and the Rhineland was to be occupied by Allied troops.

B.R.A.T 

The Treaty of Neuilly 1919

Bulgaria lost territory to Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania, had to reduce its army to no more than 20 000 and was instructed to pay reparations of over $400 million.

Treaty of Sèvres 1920

It was signed on August 10, 1920. The United States and Russia were not party to the treaty. Turkey lost territory to Greece and Italy. Other parts of the former Turkish Empire were mandated to France (Syria) and Britain

Sykes-Picot agreement

Divided up Mesopotamia, Syria, and Lebanon into Anglo-French spheres of interest

The Balfour Declaration

Britain will announce support of the Zionists, who are supporters of re-establishing a Jewish State, ambition to establish a home for the Jews in Israel

who was mustafa Kemal

Leader of the new Turkish Nationalism who will set up a rebel government. He was determined not to accept the Treaty of Sevres

Problems in “Successor State” Czechoslovakia Created by Post-War Settlements

-Artificial frontiers- contained two very different areas of people from the Czech lands (Bohemia and Moravia) and Slovakia

-Industrial Base

Problems in “Successor States” Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan Created by Post-War Settlements

These states will rapidly lose independence to the USSR and Turkey

Problems in “Successor States” Austria- Hungary and their successor states Created by Post-War Settlements

The treaties were deemed punitive and economically destructive- Austria and Hungary on the verge of economic collapse (LON will intervene)

○Racial tensions and hostility between groups, faced discrimination

Problems in “Successor State” Poland Created by Post-War Settlements

○Many Germans will live in the new Polish Frontier

○Soviet Union will invade Poland in 1920, but they will lose.

Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919)

• Country affected: Austria

• Recognized independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and Yugoslavia.

• Austria forbidden to unite with Germany (Anschluss).

• Military limited to 30,000.

• Austria reduced to a small landlocked republic.

Treaty of Trianon (1920)

• Country affected: Hungary

• Lost two-thirds of territory and 60% of population.

• Lands given to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

• Army reduced; reparations imposed.

• Led to widespread Hungarian resentment and economic hardship.

explain the cause, consequence, and protest of the Ruhr Crisis (1923)

Germany was not able to pay reparations so french and belgium about 60,000 soliders to the ruhr region to extract payments. The german goverment told workers to go on strike but they had to pay the workers without having the proper money so they began over printing causing hyperinflation.

German Hyperinflation and its consquences (1923)

Because of hyperinflation, their currency worth was destroyed and their savings were gone

Dawes Plan (1924)

it restructured Germany's payments and stabilized economy; USA lent loans

What was the Corfu Incident and how was it started? (1923)

It happened Assassination of Italian official on Greek soil so Italy began occupying a part of Italy.

How did the league settle the corfu incident and what did it show about the League of Nations?

They made Greece pay 50 million in compensation, it showed how susceptible the league was to the demands of world powers

What was the purpose of Washington Naval Conference? (1921–1922)

Naval arms reduction and Pacific security.

Five Power Treaty 1922

U.S., Britain, Japan, France, Italy agreed to limit naval construction (5:5:3 ratio).

Four Power Treaty 1921

U.S., Britain, Japan, France agreed to consult on Pacific disputes. Britain and Japan agreement over.

Nine power treaty 1922

Affirmed China’s sovereignty and Open Door Policy.

Genoa Conference goal and outcome (1922)

To Discuss European economic recovery and reparations, very little progress

Treaty of Rapallo (1922) (Terms)

Germany and Soviet Russia (Germany recognized Lenin’s Bolshevik gov’t), canceled financial claims, and promised cooperation

Mandate System

Former colonies administered by League members.

War guilt clause

Germany took full blame for WWI (Article 231).

The London Conference

●Agreement to implement the Dawes Plan and withdraw from the Ruhr was achieved at the London Conference of August 1924

The Young Plan

Lowered reparations,The payments would be paid until 1988, rhine evacuation.

Locarno Treaties goal (1925)

7 different agreements by Belgium, France, and Germany not to attack one another and to settle conflicts by peaceful means

locarno treaties terms (1925)

-Germany accept W boundaries

○ Addressed French security concerns [demilitarization of Rhineland]

○ Agreement and arbitration with Poland and Czechoslovakia [conflicts with ethnic groups there]

Locarno Spirit

the optimistic mood of reconciliation and compromise that swept through Europe after the signing of the Locarno Treaties

What is the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

an international agreement drawn up by the foreign ministers of France and USA, signed in 1928 it included 65 other countries to renounce war and solve by peace.

Rapallo Pact

an agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union, signed in Italy, to re-establish normal relations, waive financial claims for war damages, and boost economic ties

German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship 1939

a agreement that was signed as a neutrality act, where both powers agreed to remain neutral if either was attacked by a third power.

League of nations and germany in 1926

Germany was able to join the league of nations in September of 1926 which allowed the allies to withdraw from german territories like rhineland

What is the goal of the league of nation?

to help countries peace, encourage disarment, improve conditions for all and in long term world peace

Weaknesses of the LON

-dependent on the members to enforce its goals, had no armed troops, world powers heavily influenced their decisions, can be easily ignored, no financial failsafe, many loop holes

what makes up the structure of the league?

The Assembly, the Council, Permanent Secretariat

What is The Assembly in LON?

appointed to debate or discuss issues 3 representatives from each country

What is The council in LON?

Executive committee- a committee that can make key decisions

Worked out details and the implementation of policies in which the Assembly had

endorsed

What is the Permanent Secretariat?

a permanent administration made up of officials from all the

member states

The permanent court of international justice purpose and structure

To deal with legal disputes between states, it consisted of 15 judges of different nationalities that were elected for 9 years by the general assembly

The Aaland Island Dispute

The aaland islands originally belonged to Finland however most of the islanders wanted to be governed by Sweden. So the League of Nations settled this by they should remain with Finland but that no weapons should ever be kept there.

Upper Silesia

As a result of the TOV the people of Upper Silesia the right to have a referendum on whether they wanted to be part of Germany or part of Poland. After the close vote a riot happened because of it so the League of Nations decided to split upper Silesia between Germany and Poland

Greece & Bulgaria

Greece and Bulgaria had a common border so an incident in 1925 patrolling border brigades fired on one another and a Greek soldier was killed. So the Greeks invaded Bulgaria, and when Bulgaria asked the league of nation to intervene; the League of Nations the League ordered both armies to stop fighting and that the Greeks should pull out of Bulgaria and fined Greece 45000£

Italys change to facism

●Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy and created the Fascist Party in 1919 and successfully exploited the post-war economic crisis, the fear of Bolshevism and the disappointment with the peace treaties to gain power in 1922.

How did the nazi party take control?

They exploited the resentment of the TOV and offered a way of uniting everyone under German nationalism

What were hitters aim

●Aim #1

○To destroy the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany after her defeat in World War One.

○Hitler felt the Treaty was unfair and most Germans supported this view.

●Aim #2

○To unite all German speakers together in one country.

○After World War One there were Germans living in many countries in Europe e.g. Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland.

○Hitler hoped that by uniting them together in one country he would create a powerful Germany

●Aim #3

○To expand eastwards into the East (Poland, Russia) to gain land for Germany (Lebensraum- living spac