Introduction to Psychology and Scientific Methods

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the fundamental definitions, goals, scientific methods, historical origins, and modern perspectives of psychology based on the lecture notes.

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Behavior

Observable actions such as talking, eating, and running.

Mental processes

Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that are not directly observable.

Describe

The goal of psychology that asks 'What is happening?' by observing behavior and noting everything about it.

Explain

The goal of psychology that asks 'Why is it happening?' and involves developing theories to explain observed behavior.

Predict

The goal of psychology that asks 'When will it happen again?' by forecasting future behavior based on patterns.

Change

The goal of psychology that asks 'How can it be changed?' by modifying behavior to improve outcomes through therapy, education, or behavior plans.

Literature review

The process of reading what has been previously published in professional, scientific journals after identifying a question of interest.

Hypothesis

A specific, testable prediction about how one factor, or variable, is related to another.

Operationally defined

Variables stated precisely and in measurable terms to be scientifically testable.

Research design

The method chosen to test a hypothesis, such as experimental, descriptive, or correlational.

Data collection and analysis

Performing statistical analyses to determine if findings are statistically significant and if the hypothesis should be supported or rejected.

Peer-reviewed scientific journal

A publication where other scientists critically evaluate a study before it is accepted for publication.

Theory development

The proposal of new or revised theories based on published studies, leading to new hypotheses and inquiry.

Wilhelm Wundt

Known as the Father of Psychology; he opened the first psychology lab in 1879 in Germany.

Introspection

A method used by Wilhelm Wundt to study consciousness.

Structuralism

An early perspective associated with Titchener focused on the structure of the mind.

Functionalism

An early perspective associated with William James focused on the functions of mental processes.

Psychoanalysis

A perspective associated with Freud focusing on unconscious desires.

Behaviorism

A mid-1900s perspective associated with Watson and Skinner that shifted focus to observable behavior.

Humanism

A mid-1900s perspective associated with Rogers and Maslow that emphasizes human growth and personal potential.

Biological Perspective

Focuses on the brain, genes, and hormones, suggesting behavior is linked to brain activity and genetics.

Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on how we process, store, and use information, including thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

Self-actualization

A key concept in Humanistic psychology, often associated with Maslow's hierarchy, where people strive to reach their full potential.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Focuses on how early experiences and unconscious forces shape behavior.

Sociocultural Perspective

Focuses on how culture, race, and gender affect behavior and thinking.

Evolutionary Perspective

Focuses on natural selection and how behaviors evolve to solve adaptive problems.