Unit 4 (1800-1848)

What was the case of Marbury V. Madison? What is its significance?

• Marbury was appointed a judicial commission but was denied by Madison and sued. The case ruled in favor of Marbury, to which we was entitled to his Judicial commission.

• Principle of Judicial review, affirming the (supreme) courts power to declare acts of congress unconstitutional.

What was the Louisiana Purchase (1803)?

Doubled the size of the U.S. that went against Jefferson’s Ideas.

What was the Embargo Act (1807)? Why did Jefferson enact it?

• Halted American imports and exports with all foreign countries to force Britain and France to respect U.S. neutrality.

• Jefferson enacted it because of Britain impressment and other factors.

What act was passed in response to the Embargo act? What did it do?

Non-Intercourse Act (1809): Reopened trade with most nations except for Britain and France

Who was the War of 1812 between? Why did it start?

• Britain and U.S.

• U.S. fought over American maritime (ocean) rights, impressment of American sailors into the British Navy, British support for Native American resistance against American expansion, and the U.S. desire to expand territory by annexing Canada.

What ended the War of 1812? What did it do?

Treaty of Ghent: Returned all captured land from both sides back to pre-1812 and officially ended the fighting

What was the Battle of New Orleans? Why was it impactful to the U.S.?

• Andrew Jackson defeated many British soldiers with minimal U.S. casualties, securing the Mississippi River.

• This boosted American sovereignty as this was the second time the U.S. had beaten Britain, and it rose Jackson to fame.

What were the effects of the War of 1812?

• Decline of the Federalist party

• Increased nationalism

• Economic nationalism and manufacturing growth

Describe Henry Clay’s American System.

• Protective tariffs to support U.S. industry

• National bank to stabilize currency and credit

• Federal support for internal improvements

What were the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819?

Causes: The 2nd national bank contraction of credit, cotton prices fell, post-war economic readjustment

Effects: widespread bank failures, drop in land values, and severe unemployment

What was the Adam-Onis Treaty?

U.S. acquired Florida from Spain and settled border disputes

What did President Monroe establish during this time in regards to influence? What did it do?

The Monroe Doctrine: Established the western hemisphere as a distinct place of influence from European influence.

What was the Missouri Compromise (1820)?

It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Main as a free state and prohibited slavery north of latitude 36’30

What was the Market Revolution?

U.S. economy became more interconnected, more commercial, and oriented towards regional specialization

How did transportation change during the market revolution? What was it’s significance?

Roads: Improved overland travel

The National Road: Open east to west movement and trade

Steamboats/Steam technology: River travel became more efficient and reshaped long-distance traveling

Erie Canal: Connected regions which lowered shipping costs and helped the Northeast become the leading commercial center

Railroads: Replaced the canals since they allowed for more variety (built where canals could not)

Significance: More profitable to ship goods farther, able to reach national and international markets, production increases.

What is an innovation that improved long distant communication? How did it help the industry?

• The Telegraph

• Near-immediate long-distance communication

What laid the foundation for mass production?

• Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts

• manufacture separate parts so that if one part breaks, it can be easily replaced

What increased demand for slavery during this time period? What were the effects of this innovation?

• Cotton Gin

• expansion of slavery

What happened during the election of 1824?

Andrew Jackson won popular vote, but no one one the electoral college vote. The top 3 candidates went to the House or Rep. where John Quincy Adams became president.

What were the two parties that emerged from the election of 1824?

Democrats (Jackson): limited federal government

Whigs: strong federal government

What was significant about Jackson’s Presidency?

• Represented the “Common Man”

• Associated with universal white man suffrage.

• Dismissed the spoils system

What was the Tariff of Abominations? How does it relate to the Nullification Crisis?

• Tariff of Abominations: raised duties and angered many southerners for they felt it protected the northern industry at their expense.

• Nullification Crisis: John C. Calhoun argued that if a state believed a high protective tariff was unfair, they could nullify the law

Effects:

• A compromise tariff was passed to defuse the crisis

What act authorized the relocation of Native peoples west of the Mississippi? What was the Native’s response?

• Indian Removal act (1830)

• Worcester V. Georgia: Cherokee argued that it’s unconstitutional to remove them forcefully of their land, they won, but Jackson ignored the ruling and forced relocation (Trail of Tears)

What was the significance of The Second Great Awakening?

• remake society to align with moral principles

What were some reforms enacted because of the Second Great Awakening?

• Temperance movement: reduce alcohol consumption —> National prohibition

• Education reforms: education is necessary as voting expands

• Prisons/Asylums: Reform prisoners morally

• Abolitionists: emancipation of enslaved peoples (many organizations created)

What were the regional’s views on slavery?

• South: it is a positive good, a “necessary evil.” As abolitionism increase, the south became more defensive

• North: It is morally not right for slavery to continue, especially with the natural rights and such

What was Transcendentalism? What is it’s significance?

• Intuition and feelings over materialism or religions.

• If conscience > materialism, people may resist unjust laws or social norms

Why did the U.S. avoid annexation of Texas?

To prevent a war

What was the Oregon Treaty (1846)?

It set a boundary at the 49th parallel showing expansion can not occur through negotiation and war.

What was Manifest Destiny?

Continental expansion was justified because it was the U.S. god given right to expand from coast-to-coast

Why did the Mexican American War start? How did it end?

• Disputes over the border and rising tensions led to the war

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): Mexico ceded a vast region to the United States (Texas, California, and much of the southwest)

What was the effect of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)?

It questioned how slavery in new territories would be established.

What attracted settlers to California?

The Gold Rush

What was the Cult of Domesticity?

Established gender roles:

Men: public work and politics

Women: staying home, moral, and nuturing space

What was the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)?

The first convention which argued women’s rights

Describe the differences of the regions

North:

• industrial/commercial center

• offered jobs and mobility

South:

• rural isolation

• slavery was apparent

West:

• attracted settlement

• developing