Endocrine

What is the characteristic of endocrine glands?

Ductless

What is the function of endocrine glands?

Secrete hormones directly into circulation

What effect do endocrine glands have?

Widespread effects on distant tissues

What is the characteristic of exocrine glands?

Have ducts

What is the function of exocrine glands?

Release chemical products through ducts

What effect do exocrine glands have?

Localized effects

How can hormone names help determine function?

Read the name to determine its effect or role

What does Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) do?

Releases growth hormone

What does Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) do?

Inhibits growth hormone release

What is anabolism?

Build up, uses energy

What is catabolism?

Breakdown, no energy required

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Deep within the cerebrum

What are hypothalamic cells?

Nerve cells/neurons

What messages do hypothalamic cells receive?

Messages from the ANS

What do hypothalamic cells detect?

Internal conditions

What do hypothalamic cells produce and release?

Hormones

What is the pituitary gland commonly called?

Master gland

What size is the pituitary gland?

Size of a pea

What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland?

Anterior and posterior

What does the pituitary gland directly impact?

Endocrine glands throughout the body

What does ACTH stand for?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

What does ACTH act on?

Adrenal cortex

What does TSH stand for?

Thyroid stimulating hormone

What does TSH act on?

Thyroid

What does FSH stand for?

Follicle stimulating hormone

What does FSH act on?

Gonads/sex organs

What does LH stand for?

Luteinizing hormone

What does LH act on?

Gonads

What does PRL stand for?

Prolactin

What does PRL act on?

Female mammary glands

What does ADH stand for?

Antidiuretic hormone

What does ADH do?

Causes retention of water

What condition results from inadequate ADH secretion?

Diabetes insipidus

What is diabetes insipidus characterized by?

Large volumes of urine

What does oxytocin do?

Causes uterine contraction and lactation

What is the shape of the thyroid gland?

Butterfly-shaped with two lobes

Where is the thyroid located?

Anterior and inferior to the larynx in the neck

What does thyroxine (T4) do?

Stimulates cell metabolism

What does triiodothyronine (T3) do?

Stimulates cell metabolism

What does calcitonin do?

Lowers blood calcium levels

How many parathyroid glands are there?

Four

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Posterior lateral surfaces of the thyroid

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

Increases blood calcium levels

What is the relationship between PTH and calcitonin?

PTH is the antagonist of calcitonin

What determines blood calcium level?

Balance of PTH and calcitonin

Where is the thymus located?

In the mediastinum just behind the sternum

What does the thymus secrete during childhood?

Thymosin

What does thymosin promote?

Maturation of T lymphocytes

What are T lymphocytes responsible for?

Cell-mediated immunity

What does the T in T lymphocytes stand for?

Thymus

What happens to the thymus after childhood?

It disappears

Can the thymus be seen on chest X-ray?

No

Where is the pancreas located?

LUQ

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

Retroperitoneal

What two tissue types does the pancreas contain?

Endocrine and exocrine tissues

What are the endocrine tissues of the pancreas called?

Islets of Langerhans

What do alpha cells produce?

Glucagon

What is the function of glucagon?

Raises blood sugar

What do beta cells produce?

Insulin

What is the function of insulin?

Lowers blood sugar

What do delta cells produce?

Somatostatin

What is glycogenolysis?

Breakdown of glycogen stimulated by glucagon

What is gluconeogenesis?

Creation of new glucose from non-sugar sources

What do the exocrine tissues of the pancreas secrete?

Digestive enzymes

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

What is the adrenal cortex?

Outermost layer

What do glucocorticoids do?

Increase blood glucose level

What do mineralocorticoids do?

Maintain salt and fluid balance

What do androgenic hormones do?

Same effect as hormones secreted by gonads

What is the adrenal medulla composed of?

Nerve cells and gland cells

What hormone is also called adrenaline?

Epinephrine

What type of hormone is epinephrine?

Sympathomimetic hormone

What other hormone is released by the adrenal medulla?

Norepinephrine

Where are the testes located?

Outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum

What are the primary male reproductive organs?

Testes

What do the testes produce?

Hormones responsible for sexual maturation and sperm cells

What does testosterone cause?

Secondary male sexual characteristics

What is testosterone necessary for?

Sperm development

What are the female gonads called?

Ovaries

How large are the ovaries?

About the size of an almond

Where are the ovaries located?

In the pelvis on either side of the uterus

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Estrogen and progesterone

What are the functions of ovarian hormones?

Sexual maturation during puberty and subsequent reproduction